What is the pharmacology of Type 1 diabetes?
Pharmacology of Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes – characterized by autoimmunity against beta-cells of the pancreas, cells that otherwise produce insulin – in other words, type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin. Insulin must always be administered to treat type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes – primarily caused through poor diet,...
What is type 1 diabetes and how is it treated?
Type 1 diabetes – characterized by autoimmunity against beta-cells of the pancreas, cells that otherwise produce insulin – in other words, type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin. Insulin must always be administered to treat type 1 diabetes.
Can Oral hypoglycemic agents be used to treat type 2 diabetes?
In this diabetes pharmacology study guide, we focus on oral hypoglycemic agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Whilst there is no cure for type 2 diabetes, treatment aims at reducing complications, both short and long-term.
What are the 6 classes of diabetes drugs?
Over the course of this diabetes pharmacology guide, we review six drug classes: Insulin. Sensitizers. Secretagogues. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Peptide analogs. Glycosurics.
Who wrote the first recorded reference to pharmacology?
First recorded reference to pharmacology was written by: -SAMUEL DALE in 1693.
Who is the father of general pharmacology?
Jonathan Pereira (1804-1853), the father of pharmacology.
What is the name of the first official listing of drugs in the United States?
1820. Eleven physicians meet in Washington, D.C., to establish the U.S. Pharmacopeia, the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States.
What is the first official listing of drugs in the United States published in 1820 by the massachusetts medical society known as today?
Written in 1820 it is the first official listing of drugs in the United States. It was published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. Known today as the US pharmacopoeia (USP).
Who was the first pharmacologist?
Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838–1921) is generally recognized as the founder of modern pharmacology. The son of a Latvian forester, Schmiedeberg obtained his medical doctorate in 1866 with a thesis on the measurement of chloroform in blood.
Who is the first father of pharmacognosy?
Dioscorides, known as the father of pharmacognosy, was a physician in military and a pharmacognosistin Nero's Army and wrote on drugs of plant origin. In AD 77, he wrote "De MateriaMedica," elaborating on large data about helpful medicinal plants [17, 18].
Who was the first pharmacist?
Answer: Jonathan Roberts is known as the first pharmacist. Explanation: 1.
When was the first pharmaceutical drug created?
The first modern, pharmaceutical medicine was invented in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, a German scientist. He extracted the main active chemical from opium in his laboratory and named it morphine, after the Greek god of sleep.
Who was the first pharmacist in America?
Louis Dufilho Jr.The Nation's First Pharmacist It became the first state to require licensing for pharmacists, and in 1816 French immigrant Louis Dufilho Jr. became America's first licensed pharmacist. He opened his pharmacy in 1823, making medicine and science accessible to a fast-growing city as it battled devastating disease.
Who was the first person to dissect the human body to study the functions of specific organs and propose that disease was caused by natural causes?
In Alexandria the practice of human cadaveric dissection was the dominant means of learning anatomy and it was here that Herophilus of Chalcedon and his younger contemporary Erasistratus of Ceos became the first ancient Greek physicians to perform systematic dissections of human cadavers in the first half of 3rd ...
Who was the best known pharmacist from North America?
William Procter, Jr., who graduated from, then taught at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy for 20 years, went on to exert so much influence over the formative years of professional pharmacy that he's now widely considered the "Father of American Pharmacy." Procter successfully argued for the establishment of a chair ...
Which of the following is the name of the first pharmacopoeia established in 1498?
It is sometimes said that the first real pharmacopoeia was the “Nuovo Receptario Composito”, which was made official in Florence in 1498, or the book prepared by Valerius Cordus which was adopted officially by Nuremburg (1546), or that prepared by Adolph Occo (1564) which was actually called a pharmacopoeia and was ...
Which is the first generation of drugs?
The first-generation includes older drugs, such as tolbutamide, which are less effective and associated with more adverse effects than their second-generation counterparts. The drugs listed above are all second-generation agents. Both sulfonylureas and meglitinides act to promote insulin secretion.
Why is insulin used in diabetes?
Insulin can be used to treat hyperkalemia because, by its very nature, insulin sequesters potassium inside cells.
How do alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work?
Instead, they work by slowing carbohydrate metabolism throughout the gastrointestinal tract – an effect achieved by decreasing carbohydrate enzyme production.
How does metformin work?
More specifically, metformin works through a combo of means: Reduce glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Enhance glucose uptake by skeletal muscle.
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes – characterized by autoimmunity against beta-cells of the pancreas, cells that otherwise produce insulin – in other words, type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin. Insulin must always be administered to treat type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes – primarily caused through poor diet, obesity and lack of exercise;
What percentage of patients have type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90 percent of patient cases. The remaining 10 percent comprises type 1 diabetes, alongside other diabetic states – such as gestational diabetes. The first antidiabetic drug class we need to talk about is, of course, insulin.
How many people have diabetes in the world?
Over 450 million people are believed to have diabetes worldwide (as of 2019). Millions more are thought to have the disease but are currently asymptomatic or undiagnosed. With an obesity epidemic growing at an alarming rate, levels of diabetes diagnosis are expected to rise precipitously in the coming years and decades.
What type of diabetes is Mellitus?
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1, Type two, and Gestational Diabetes. To make use of blood sugar, your body requirements insulin.. After that usually the symptoms of type two diabetes develop gradually throughout period.
Can diabetics have a soft drink?
The WUJUD announced that diabetes sufferers may properly consume glucose and various other carbs providing their particular TOTAL calorie intake can be thoroughly managed and well balanced. Therefore , provided that it really is considered in to the total calories from fat for lunch, there is absolutely no cause that they can’t have got treat or a Soft drink. Due to the chronically high bloodstream glucose, the kidneys try to remove this simply by creating plenty of urine to remove this from the body. Most of the symptoms of Diabetic Coma are associated with this lacks, your skin symptoms, heartbeat, dried out mouth area, hypotension, and so forth A Diabetic usually spends the majority of their particular period considerably over an ordinary bloodstream glucose level.
What is the goal of endocrine pancreatic hormones?
What is the goal of endocrine pancreatic hormones? Beta cells located in the middle of the islets secrete insulin Alpha cells located on the periphery secrete glucagon -Increases the rate of glucose uptake by most cells -Stimulates formation of glycogen in the liver what is the most potent anabolic hormone? -Promotes synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins -Inhibits degradation and release of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins -Stimulates the uptake of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into cells (clears glucose from the blood) -Increases the expression/activity of enzymes that catalyze glycogen, lipid, and protein synthesis -Inhibits expression/activity enzymes which catalyze degradation Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver Translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane Translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane Note: GLUT4 is present mostly in adipocytes and striated muscle cells Glucose-induced release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells - Glucose is transported is transported into beta cells by GLUT2 --> glucose is phosphorylated --> undergoes glycolysis --> goes through the Kreb cycle in mito --> lots of ATP is produced --> -ATP binds K+ channel --> closes K+ channel and stops flow of K+ out --> depolarization --> Ca+ influx do to opening of voltage gated Ca++ channels --> release of insulin from dense core granules in beta cell -Increase the rate of glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) -Increases the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver Glucose and Insulin Levels in a healthy patient There is a basal level of insulin release -When treating a patient with diabetes you need to mimic the basal level of insulin and the prandial insulin release group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia -Beta cells are functional and c Continue reading >>
What are the characteristics of Type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 Diabetes is Characterized By: 1. Absolute deficiency of insulin, which maybe caused by a. Autoimmune attack by T lymphocytes Destruction of β cells of the pancreas Triggered by viral infection, and/or Has a genetic determinant 2. Results in insulitis a. Destruction of beta cells of the pancreas as a result of lymphocytic infiltration 3. Insulin therapy is required a. Prevents life-threatening ketoacidosis Diagnosis of Type 1 DM: 1. Fasting blood sugar greater than 126 mg/dL, and accumulation of circulating glucose leads to hyperosmolality 2. HbA1c levels > 6.5 3. Ketoacidosis a. Diabetic ketoacidosis is diagnosis when: Hyperglycemia greater than 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L) Acidosis with blood pH < 7.3 Serum bicarbonate less than 15 mEq/L Serum positive for ketones (hyperketonemia) Diabetic ketoacidosis 1. Diabetic ketoacidosis may be the initial manifestation of type 1 diabetes or may result from increased insulin requirements in type 1 diabetes patients during the course of: infection, trauma, myocardial infarction, or surgery 2. It is a life-threatening medical emergency with: a. a mortality rate just under 5% in individuals under 40 years of age b. a mortality rates over 20% in the elderly 5. Poor compliance, either for psychological reasons or because of inadequate education, is one of the most common causes of diabetic ketoacidosis, particularly when episodes are recurrent Symptoms and Signs of DKA: 1. The appearance of diabetic ketoacidosis is usually preceded by a day or more of: polyuria polydipsia marked fatigue nausea, and vomiting 2. If untreated, the following will ensue: dehydration hyperventilation (rapid deep breathing) drowsiness mental stupor, and eventually Coma (10% of patients) 3. On physical examination a "fruity" breath odor of acetone would st Continue reading >>
How does diabetes affect the body?
What is diabetes? Diabetes is disease that causes the body to either not produce insulin or not react properly to the insulin. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is when the body simply does not produce insulin. This type develops in teens and is less common than Type 2. When you have Type 1 diabetes, your immune system turns on the pancreas, causing it not to produce insulin. This causes blood sugar levels to get too high. People with Type 1 take insulin injections to help regulate their blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes is when the cells in the body do not react properly with the insulin being produced. The signal to the GLUT4 is never sent from the receptors, so the cells don't allow glucose to enter. Insulin injections can sometimes help people with Type 2, however they usually can only watch what they eat and be careful to exercise a certain amount. How is glucose tolerance testing used to diagnose diabetes? The GTT is usually administered after an abnormal urine test. Doctors use glucose tolerance testing to monitor the amount of glucose in the patient's blood at a given moment in time and to see if their body reacts properly in response to the glucose. If the glucose levels rise drastically and don't fall back down this indicates that there is a high chance that the patient has diabetes. The insulin test can determine the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes; if the levels of insulin in the blood are high, the patient has Type 2 diabetes, and if there is no insulin in the blood the patient has Type 1. How does the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes relate to how the body produces and uses insulin? In type one diabetes the persons immune system attacks the pancreas causing it to shut down insulin production, leaving the person wit Continue reading >>
How long should I exercise for diabetes?
Diabetics and prediabetics need individualized medical nutrition therapy counseling Weight loss recommended for all overweight patients Goal is 150 minutes/week (workout at moderate intensity) Alternatively, 30 minutes 3x/week resistance training Type I DM= patient will always be on insulin Type II DM= patient may or may not be on meds. Type II is a progressive disease, so the patient's response to drugs may change, resulting in changing treatment. Once a patient is diagnosed with Type II DM, and is treated and under control with exercise, diet, or medications, the patient still has the disease (a common patient misconception) Want to mimic normal continuous basal release appropriate bolus doses Note: children may require more insulin during times of increased stress (puberty, illnesses, etc) Start low and titrate up to the patient's specific need Initial therapy: use intermediate or long-acting insulin to increase basal (24 hr) insulin Insulin only (no other medications), DOSE LIKE TYPE I DM Designing a Dosing Regimen: Intensive Insulin Therapy Bolus: 30-50% total daily dose in divided doses before meals Note: use rapid or short-acting insulin for bolus Bolus doses are based on the amount of carbohydrates in a meal 1800/total daily dose= amount of mg/dL insulin decreases glucose Designing a Dosing Regimen: Conventional Treatment Two infections (BID) regimen (not preferred) Daily dose= 2/3 in AM AC and 1/3 in PM AC Unable to reach goal A1c of 7%, usually able to achieve A1c 8-9% Lunch must be very regular (little flexibility) Continue reading >>
What is the genetic susceptibility to insulin deficiency?
Insulin Deficiency following destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - Genetic Susceptibility Significant increase in close relatives of a patients with type 1 diabetes May present as nocturia, bedwetting, or daytime incontinence in a previously continent child increased frequency of wet diapers or diapers that are unusually heavy or wet Some diagnosed before onset of clinical symptoms Typically occurs in children who have another close family member with type 1 diabetes and are being closely monitored Children younger than 6 are more likely to present with DKA Health care professionals and caregivers less likely to suspect diabetes in this age group Leads to prolonged duration of illness and more severe metabolic decompensation before diagnosis NON-SPECIFIC COMPLAINTS - ABD PAIN, DEHYDRATION, FATIGUE (MEASURE BG/CHECK CLYCOSURIA) Symptoms of hyperglycemia and a random venous plasma glucose 200 mg/dL Abnormal oral glucose tolerance teat (OGTT) GLYCOSYLATED AIC - >6.5 SUGGEST DIABETES, BUT LOWER DOES NOT EXCLUDE Strict glycemic controls to reduce LT sequlae Frequent monitoring - difficult to monitor lows w/just symptoms Administration of intermediate-acting insulin NPH at least twice a day (breakfast with second dose at dinner or bedtime ) With a rapid-acting (lispro or aspart) or short-acting (regular) insulin 2-3 times per day Rapid-acting or short-acting insulin would be given at breakfast and dinner Sometimes at lunch or in afternoon snack depending on blood glucose concentrations requiring family to adjust their lifestyles so that meals and physical activity occur on a relatively fixed daily schedule Provides insulin dosing that more closely approaches physiologic insulin secretion than does conventional therapy Includes Continue reading >>