What is a multielement/alternative treatment design?
Multiple treatment design options. Simultaneous availability of all conditions, randomization design, combine components, continuation of baseline as a condition, use of most effective treatment in the final phase. Disadvantages of randomization design. -Practical issues related to inability to flip an intervention randomly in applied settings.
What is an example of alternating treatments design?
1. used to compare the impact of multiple interventions. 2. allow for more immediate implementation of the intervention or treatment. Con's. 1. not appropriate for establishing NEW, non reversible behaviours. 2. repeated reversal of the treatments or conditions may not mesh with the typical structure of schools.
What is multiple baseline design with example?
3.02.4.2.1 Alternating treatment design. The alternating treatment design (ATD) consists of rapid and random or semirandom alteration of two or more conditions such that each has an approximately equal probability of being present during each measurement opportunity. As an example, it was observed during a clinical training case that a student ...
How are multiple treatments alternated on a regular schedule?
A-B-A-B Design. The A-B-A-B design represents an attempt to measure a baseline (the first A), a treatment measurement (the first B), the withdrawal of treatment (the second A), and the re-introduction of treatment (the second B). In other words, the A-B-A-B design involves two parts: (1) gathering of baseline information, the application of a ...
What is an ABAB design?
How many treatments are in abaca design?
Is ABAB a multiple baseline design?
What is a multiple treatment reversal design?
Why is multiple baseline design used?
What is reversal design Why is an ABAB design superior to an ABA design?
What is ABAB single subject design?
What is a multi element design ABA?
What is the difference between ABA design and ABAB design?
What is an example of a reversal design?
What is simultaneous treatment?
What is simultaneous treatment?
The same is true for simultaneous-treatment designs; a design that is appropriate for situations where one wishes to evaluate the concurrent or simultaneous application of two or more treatments in a single case. Rapid or random alteration of treatment is not required with simultaneous-treatment design.
What is single case design?
Although usually labeled a quasi-experimental time-series design, single-case research designs are described in this article as a separate form of research design (formerly termed single-subject or N = 1 research) that have a long and influential history in psychology and education (e.g., Kratochwill, 1978; Levin et al., 2003) and can serve as an alternative to using large, aggregate group designs ( Shadish and Rindskopf, 2007 ). Single-case research designs bear similarly to time-series design and have often been regarded as quasi-experimental because they usually do not (but could) include randomization in the experiment. In the single-case design, replication is scheduled to help rule out various threats to validity. Single-case designs can involve a single participant or group as the unit but differ from repeated measures and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) designs because multiple observations are taken over a long period of time within a design structure of replication and/or randomization of the conditions of the experiment.
What is an ATD?
The alternating treatment design (ATD) consists of rapid and random or semirandom alteration of two or more conditions such that each has an approximately equal probability of being present during each measurement opportunity. As an example, it was observed during a clinical training case that a student therapist, during many sessions, would alternate between two conditions: leaning away from the client and becoming cold and predictable when he was uncomfortable, and leaning towards the client and becoming warm and open when feeling comfortable. The client would disclose less when the therapist leaned away, and more when he leaned forward. If it were assumed that the therapist had preplanned the within-session alternations, an ATD as shown in Figure 6 would be obtained. The condition present in the example at any given time of measurement is rapidly alternating. No phase exists; however, if the data in each respective treatment condition are examined separately, the relative level and trend of each condition can be compared between the two data series (hence the name between-series designs).
What is a carryover effect?
A carry-over effect occurs when the presentation of one condition somehow affects the impact of the subsequent condition, regardless of the presentation order of the conditions. Potentially this can occur in two ways. The effects of two conditions can change in opposite directions, or in the same direction.
A-B-A-B Design
The A-B-A-B design represents an attempt to measure a baseline (the first A), a treatment measurement (the first B), the withdrawal of treatment (the second A), and the re-introduction of treatment (the second B).
Figure 4.1: Determination of Best Training Method
Finally, different treatments can be applied to different subjects in order to compare results. Figure 4.2 shows the application of the ABABA design on three subjects each being applied a different treatment.
Figure 4.2: Application Three Different Treatments on Three Single Subjects
When a more complex schedule is applied, the extinction phase for one treatment can become the baseline phase for an additional treatment. Simply put, this method allows overlapping treatments to be tested with only a single subject.
What are the problems with reversal design?
One is that if a treatment is working, it may be unethical to remove it. For example, if a treatment seemed to reduce the incidence of self-injury in a developmentally disabled child, it would be unethical to remove that treatment just to show that the incidence of self-injury increases. The second problem is that the dependent variable may not return to baseline when the treatment is removed. For example, when positive attention for studying is removed, a student might continue to study at an increased rate. This could mean that the positive attention had a lasting effect on the student’s studying, which of course would be good. But it could also mean that the positive attention was not really the cause of the increased studying in the first place. Perhaps something else happened at about the same time as the treatment—for example, the student’s parents might have started rewarding him for good grades.
How does single subject research differ from group research?
In addition to its focus on individual participants, single-subject research differs from group research in the way the data are typically analyzed. As we have seen throughout the book, group research involves combining data across participants. Group data are described using statistics such as means, standard deviations, Pearson’s r, and so on to detect general patterns. Finally, inferential statistics are used to help decide whether the result for the sample is likely to generalize to the population. Single-subject research, by contrast, relies heavily on a very different approach called#N#visual inspection#N#. This means plotting individual participants’ data as shown throughout this chapter, looking carefully at those data, and making judgments about whether and to what extent the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable. Inferential statistics are typically not used.
What is baseline phase?
This is the level of responding before any treatment is introduced, and therefore the baseline phase is a kind of control condition. When steady state responding is reached, phase B begins as the researcher introduces the treatment.
Can single subject research be analyzed?
The results of single-subject research can also be analyzed using statistical procedures— and this is becoming more common. There are many different approaches, and single-subject researchers continue to debate which are the most useful. One approach parallels what is typically done in group research.