Calcium hydroxide is used in both the preservation of the vital pulp and the disinfection of the prepared root canal system. To achieve success in direct pulp capping a strict aseptic regime must be followed. Various forms of root resorption, their aetiology and treatment, are considered.
Is calcium hydroxide a base or acid?
The use of calcium hydroxide as a dressing in root canal treatment. The use of calcium hydroxide as a dressing in root canal treatment J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1996 Sep;51(9):593-9. Author J T Marais 1 Affiliation 1 Department of Restorative ...
What is calcium hydroxide called?
root canal system after dressing with calcium hydroxide [13]. Other studies showed that calcium hydroxide could not reliably remove bacteria from the root canal system or change the culture from gram-negative to gram-positive [14]. It has been reported that the 7 days application of calcium hydroxide is effective in bacterial elimination
What is the role of calcium hydroxide in dentistry?
Jun 01, 2012 · Calcium hydroxide (CaOH 2) is a well known root canal medicament and is often used prior to the placement of a permanent root canal filling as a temporary dressing . Non-setting CaOH 2 paste in pressure syringe system is commonly used in root canal therapy .
Is calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate the same?
Conclusions: Calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medications have had a positive effect on the microbial reduction by decreasing the levels of PICs and MMPs. Both auxiliary chemical substances (i.e., 2% CHX and 6% NaOCl) presented similar effects when calcium hydroxide was used as intracanal medication. Clinical relevance: Teeth with failure of the root canal treatment …
When do you put calcium hydroxide in a root canal?
Calcium hydroxide can be used effectively as intracanal medicament, root canal sealer, in weeping canals, for perforation management and root resorption. Conclusions: Despite the limitation of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide, it is used effectively in a number of treatment modalities in endodontics.
How long should calcium hydroxide be left in a root canal?
After thorough cleaning of the root canal, the calcium hydroxide is left for longer periods of time to give the root development a chance to continue. The intracanal medicament is usually changed after one month. After that, it is left for at least 6 months when a radiographic check-up is done.
Why is calcium hydroxide used in RCT?
The goal of endodontic treatment is the prevention and control of pulpal and periradicular infections. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) has been widely used in endodontics as an intracanal medicament to eliminate the remaining microorganisms after chemomechanical preparation.
When should calcium hydroxide be set?
Calcium hydroxide cements are used for lining specific areas of deep cavities or for direct pulp capping. The antibacterial action of calcium hydroxide makes these cements useful in indirect pulp-capping procedures involving carious dentin.
How is calcium hydroxide removed from root canal?
Intracanal calcium hydroxide is usually removed from the root canal by the use of copious manual irrigation with either sodium hypochlorite combined with hand instrumentation and a final rinse with EDTA.
How long does it take for calcium hydroxide to work?
Analyzing the pH and the concentration of calcium ions in the periapical area, it is obvious that at least 2 weeks are necessary for calcium hydroxide bactericide activity.
When is dental calcium hydroxide used?
Calcium hydroxide may be used to preserve the vital pulp if infection and bleeding are controlled; to repair root fractures, perforations, open apices and root resorptions. Endo-perio lesions are complex and the correct diagnosis is essential if treatment is to be successful.Dec 25, 2004
When is calcium hydroxide used in dentistry?
Calcium hydroxide formulations are also used during treatment of root perforations, root fractures and root resorption and have a role in dental traumatology, for example, following tooth avulsion and luxation injuries.
What do they use calcium hydroxide for?
Calcium hydroxide is an odorless white powder. It's used in industrial settings, such as sewage treatment, paper production, construction, and food processing. It also has medical and dental uses. For example, root canal fillings often contain calcium hydroxide.Apr 12, 2018
On what tooth structure is calcium hydroxide placed?
21 Cards in this Setsilver, tin, copper, zincmakeup of the alloy powder in amalgamtooth structure that calcium hydroxide is placeddentinunique characteristics of calcium hydroxideprotects the tooth from chemical irritation produces reparative dentin compatible with all restorative materials18 more rows
Which step in root canal therapy takes place first?
The first appointment is the procedure itself when the infected pulp is removed. The second (and maybe third) appointment is when the root canal gets cleaned and filled with a crown or other filling to prevent infections.
What is a weeping canal?
Weeping canal is a canal from which constant clear or reddish exud ation is appeared. This exudate is associated with a large apical radiolucency. The tooth is difficult to treat as when opened, exudate stops but it again reappears in next appointment. Signs and symptoms are varies from symptomless to tenderness to percussion and palpation. Obturation of canals with exudates is contraindicated.
What is the purpose of root canal obturation?
The main objective of root canal obturation is to achieve a tight seal of the root canal system which in turn enhance the healing process of periapical and apical regions after endodontic therapy [19].
What is the function of pulp?
The primary function of the pulp is dentin formation which started when the peripher-al mesenchymal cells differentiated into odontoblasts and the collagen matrix begins to deposit, in a sequence of deposition/mineralization that will lead to complete tooth formation. Dentin is produced by the pulp continuously due to the tooth aging, even after the initial formation. Physical and/or chemical injuries may also produce repara-tive dentin [22]. Dentin-pulp complex can be protected by applying one or more layers of some specific materials between the restorative material and dental tissues. Protec-tion of the dentin-pulp complex leads also to pulp vitality recovery. Calcium hydroxide based products are the materials that can be used for this purpose [23]. Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of these materials have been widely studied in different cell cul-tures [22].
What causes endodontic infections?
Endodontic infections occur as a result of microbial mixtures containing bacteria represented by Enterococcus faecalis [6] and fungi which are especially represented by Candida Albicans [7]. Anaerobic bacteria with their endotoxins on their cell walls also predominant in this microbial diversity and can be detected especially gram negative [8]. It is well established that the complete removal of bacteria from the root canal sys-tem is difficult even with the new endodontic techniques. Combining procedures to eliminate bacterial infection may be accepted. These including mechanical root canal debridement by proper shaping, irrigation by chemical agents such as sodium hypoch-lorite (NaOCl) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in addition to the intracanal medicament containing antimicrobial agents such as calcium hydroxide [9] [10].
What is calcium hydroxide used for?
Background: Calcium hydroxide has been used in dentistry since several decades. It has been used in a number of applications in the field of endodontics such as root resorption, intracanal medicament, and root canal sealers. Although this material exhibits several advantages, it also has some limitations. Objectives: To review the role of calcium hydroxide in the field of endodontics, focusing on its mechanism of action, antimicrobial effects, different applications, cytotoxicity or biocompatibility, and its removal from the root canals. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was done using different databases. Out of 2,664 articles, only 33 articles have beenselected to be included in this review because they are directly related to the topic and matched the inclusion criteria of this review: “Language: English” and “Year: 2000-2016”. Results: The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide is controversial. Although some studies supported the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide against some bacteria others reported its limitation against fungal infection. Calcium hy-droxide can be used effectively as intracanal medicament, root canal sealer, in weep-ing canals, for perforation management and root resorption. Conclusions: Despite the limitation of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide, it is used effectively in a number of treatment modalities in endodontics. Due to its biological and therapeutical properties, calcium hydroxide is the material of choice for all pulp therapy. However, when using calcium hydroxide as a dressing material in root canal treatment caution should be taken to prevent the overextension of the paste beyond the tooth apex and avoid the harmful side effects.
Why are hydroxyl ions important?
The release of hydroxyl ions in an aqueous environment is essential for the activation of calcium hydroxide against microbes. These ions reacted intensively with several bio-molecules due to their highly oxidant free radicals. As this reactivity is unspecified, the free radicals most likely gathered at the sites of generation. Hydroxyl ions have fatal ef-fects on bacterial cells. They may damage the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, dena-ture their proteins, or damage the DNA. It is difficult to prove which of these three
Can calcium hydroxide be used in root canals?
When using calcium hydroxide past in root canal treatment as intracanal medicament, it might be accidentally extruded through the root apex. In case of large chronic pe-riapical lesions, intentional pressing of calcium hydroxide beyond the root canal and into the periradicular tissue has been supported by some researchers. They claimed that calcium hydroxide enhances the healing and osseous repair by direct effect on inflamed tissues. However, this hypothesis was rejected by other researchers and not widely used as extrusion of calcium hydroxide beyond the apex can lead to damaging effects [24]. In Endodontics, barium sulfate (BaSO4) is added to calcium hydroxide paste as a ra-diopaque agent. Extrusion of calcium hydroxide paste containing barium sulfate beyond root canal can obscure the apex, and is not easily resorbed over time (Figure 3 and Figure 4) [21], also barium sulfate enhances the release of inflammatory mediators responding to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles. Therefore, the healing process might be delayed when using calcium hydroxide paste including barium sulfate, or in this condition the radiographic interpretation of osseous healing might be diffi-cult. Furthermore, the effect of extruded calcium hydroxide paste including a barium sulfate and/or another radiopaque agent and the healing of periapical lesions is not completely clear. Consequently, pure calcium hydroxide is preferred by most clinicians as they believe that the commercial ingredients may delay the healing process they want
What is Ca(OH)2 used for?
The goal of endodontic treatment is the prevention and control of pulpal and periradicular infections. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) has been widely used in endodontics as an intracanal medicament to eliminate the remaining microorganisms after chemomechanical preparation. The purpose of this article is to review the antimicrobial properties ...
What is the antimicrobial effect of Ca(OH)2?
In summary of the first part of this review, the antimicrobial effect of Ca(OH)2is related to the hydroxyl ions released in an aqueous environment, which affects cytoplasmic membranes, proteins, and the DNA of microorganisms.
What is the chemical formula for calcium hydroxide?
Chemical characteristics of calcium hydroxide and mechanisms of antimicrobial effect. Calcium hydroxide is a white odorless powder with the formula Ca(OH)2. It has low solubility in water and releases calcium (Ca2+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions slowly.
Does Ca(OH)2 have antimicrobial properties?
The antimicrobial effect of Ca(OH)2results from the release of hydroxyl ions when it comes into contact with aqueous fluids. Ca(OH)2has a wide range of antimicrobial effects against common endodontic pathogens, but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalisand Candida albicans.
Is Ca(OH)2 a strong base?
The low solubility is a good clinical characteristic because a long period is necessary for Ca(OH)2to become soluble in tissue fluids when in direct contact with vital tissues.17Ca(OH)2has a high pH (12.5 - 12.8) and is chemically classified as a strong base.
What causes internal resorption?
The aetiology of internal resorption is thought to be the result of a chronic pulpitis. Tronstad believes that there must be a presence of necrotic tissue in order for internal resorption to become progressive. 18 In most cases, the condition is pain-free and so tends to be diagnosed during routine radiographic examination. Chronic pulpitis may follow trauma, caries or iatrogenic procedures such as tooth preparation, or the cause may be unknown. Internal resorption occurs infrequently, but may appear in any tooth; the tooth may be restored or caries-free. The defect may be located anywhere within the root canal system. When it occurs within the pulp chamber, it has been referred to as 'pink spot' because the enlarged pulp is visible through the crown. The typical radiographic appearance is of a smooth and rounded widening of the walls of the root canal. If untreated, the lesion is progressive and will eventually perforate the wall of the root, when the pulp will become non-vital ( Fig. 7a ). The destruction of dentine may be so severe that the tooth fractures.
How to use calcium hydroxide in endodontics?
When performing pulp capping, pulpotomy or treatment to an open apex in a pulpless tooth, the exposed tissue should be cleaned thoroughly, any haemorrhage arrested by irrigation with sterile saline and the use of sterile cotton wool pledgets. The calcium hydroxide should be placed gently directly on to the tissue, with no debris or blood intervening. 4 A calcium hydroxide cement may be applied to protect the pulp in a deep cavity as discussed later.
What causes a tooth to resorb?
Pressure can be caused by erupting or impacted teeth, orthodontic movement, trauma from occlusion, or pathological tissue such as a cyst or neoplasm.
What is the most commonly used dressing for the vital pulp?
Calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide was originally introduced to the field of endodontics by Herman 1 in 1930 as a pulp-capping agent, but its uses today are widespread in endodontic therapy. It is the most commonly used dressing for treatment of the vital pulp.
What is calcium hydroxide used for?
Calcium hydroxide may be used to preserve the vital pulp if infection and bleeding are controlled; to repair root fractures, perforations, open apices and root resorptions. Endo-perio lesions are complex and the correct diagnosis is essential if treatment is to be successful. However, root canal treatment will always be the first phase in treating such lesions.
What is a paper point used for?
A paper point may be used to condense the calcium hydroxide in the canal and remove excess moisture. Full size image. Of utmost importance in endodontics is the temporary coronal seal which prevents leakage and (re)contamination of the canal system.
What is iatrogenic perforation?
Iatrogenic perforations are caused by an instrument breaching the apex or wall of the root canal ; probably the most common occurrence is during the preparation of a post space ( Fig. 6 ). Partial or complete closure by hard tissue may be induced with calcium hydroxide, provided the perforation is not too large, lies within the crestal bone and does not communicate with the oral cavity. Treatment should begin as soon as possible, adopting the same procedure as for root-end induction. Closure of perforations using calcium hydroxide takes considerably longer than root-end induction in most cases. An alternative technique, if the perforation can be visualised with the use of a surgical microscope, would be direct repair with mineral trioxide aggregate.
What is the purpose of root canal obturation?
The main objective of root canal obturation is to achieve a tight seal of the root canal system which in turn enhance the healing process of periapical and apical regions after endodontic therapy [ 19] .
What is the function of pulp?
The primary function of the pulp is dentin formation which started when the peripheral mesenchymal cells differentiated into odontoblasts and the collagen matrix begins to deposit, in a sequence of deposition/mineralization that will lead to complete tooth formation. Dentin is produced by the pulp continuously due to the tooth aging, even after the initial formation. Physical and/or chemical injuries may also produce reparative dentin [ 22] . Dentin-pulp complex can be protected by applying one or more layers of some specific materials between the restorative material and dental tissues. Protection of the dentin-pulp complex leads also to pulp vitality recovery. Calcium hydroxide based products are the materials that can be used for this purpose [ 23] . Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of these materials have been widely studied in different cell cultures [ 22] .
What causes endodontic infections?
Endodontic infections occur as a result of microbial mixtures containing bacteria represented by Enterococcus faecalis [ 6] and fungi which are especially represented by Candida Albicans [ 7] . Anaerobic bacteria with their endotoxins on their cell walls also predominant in this microbial diversity and can be detected especially gram negative [ 8] . It is well established that the complete removal of bacteria from the root canal system is difficult even with the new endodontic techniques. Combining procedures to eliminate bacterial infection may be accepted. These including mechanical root canal debridement by proper shaping, irrigation by chemical agents such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) in addition to the intracanal medicament containing antimicrobial agents such as calcium hydroxide [ 9] [ 10] .
What is calcium hydroxide used for?
Background: Calcium hydroxide has been used in dentistry since several decades. It has been used in a number of applications in the field of endodontics such as root resorption, intracanal medicament, and root canal sealers. Although this material exhibits several advantages, it also has some limitations.
Why are hydroxyl ions important?
The release of hydroxyl ions in an aqueous environment is essential for the activation of calcium hydroxide against microbes. These ions reacted intensively with several biomolecules due to their highly oxidant free radicals. As this reactivity is unspecified, the free radicals most likely gathered at the sites of generation. Hydroxyl ions have fatal effects on bacterial cells. They may damage the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, denature their proteins, or damage the DNA. It is difficult to prove which of these three
What is MTA used for?
It has been reported that MTA used successfully in surgical and non-surgical treatment of internal resorption [ 4] . 5.
What is the chemical formula for calcium hydroxide?
Calcium hydroxide is a white odourless powder with the chemical formula Ca (OH) 2 and a molecular weight of 7.08. Chemically, it is classified as a strong base in contact with aqueous fluids (its pH is about 12.5 - 12.8), and dissociate into calcium and hydroxyl ions [ 4] .
Why do people need emergency dental care?
The main reason people seek emergency dental treatment is pain from teeth diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, which is characterized by prolonged sensitivity to cold or heat and experienced more in posterior teeth. [ 1] The emergency treatment of choice in such cases is to relive the pain by removing the inflamed pulp tissue and cleaning the canal system; then after that either to use intra-canal dressing material or to complete the root canal therapy and to prescribe the suitable analgesics at the end for such patients. [ 2]
Does calcium hydroxide help with endodontic pain?
Since calcium hydroxide is an excellent antimicrobial agent and with pain preventive properties, the study aimed to evaluate its effect in reducing post-endodon tic pain in symptomatic female subjects. Despite the small sample of this study, Ca (OH) 2 reduced post-endodontic pain more than control group however it was not significant. Therefore we recommend using Ca (OH) 2 during emergency endodontic treatment to help reducing pain and present bacterial infection and rendering further bacterial invasion. Finally, the emergency treatment of choice of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis is complete pulp extirpation.