When did the Renewable Fuel Standard start?
In 2005, the U.S. Congress enacted a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) that set minimum requirements for the use of renewable fuels, including ethanol, in motor fuels. In 2007, the RFS targets were set to rise steadily to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
When did unleaded gasoline start?
Unleaded gasoline was introduced in the 1970s when health problems from lead became apparent. In the United States, leaded gasoline for use in on-road vehicles was completely phased out as of January 1, 1996. Most other countries have also stopped using leaded gasoline in vehicles.
When was gasoline first used in the automobile?
It wasn't until 1892, with the invention of the automobile, that gasoline was recognized as a valuable fuel.
When did leaded gasoline stop being used?
In the United States, leaded gasoline for use in on-road vehicles was completely phased out as of January 1, 1996. Most other countries have also stopped using leaded gasoline in vehicles. Retail gasoline is now usually sold in three grades of gasoline.
Is ethanol added to gasoline?
Ethanol is added to gasoline . In 2005, the U.S. Congress enacted a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) that set minimum requirements for the use of renewable fuels, including ethanol, in motor fuels. In 2007, the RFS targets were set to rise steadily to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
How much ethanol is in gasoline?
In 2019, about 14.5 billion gallons of fuel ethanol were consumed in the United States. In most areas of the country, retail motor gasoline is about 10% ethanol by volume. Last updated: June 25, 2020.
Does 2009 H1N1 have adaptations?
The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus does not have the adaptations that are typical of influenza viruses grown or created in laboratories. For example, the standard method of growing influenza virus in laboratories involves injecting the virus into fertilized chicken eggs. The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus lacks the properties associated with growth in eggs.
Do pigs have H1N1?
For at least 80 years, influenza viruses known as “classical swine H1N1” viruses have circulated in North American pigs. However, in the late 1990s, a series of reassortment events occurred between influenza viruses found in pigs, humans and birds. As a result, swine influenza viruses with genes from humans, North American pigs ...
How many genes are in a 2009 H1N1 virus?
The different gene segments of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus are traceable to influenza viruses found in pigs. All influenza viruses have eight genes. Six of the eight genes found within the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus are associated with influenza viruses that regularly cause illness in pigs in North America. The remaining two genes of the 2009 H1N1 flu virus are associated with influenza viruses that previously were only known to be circulating among pigs from Eurasia. 1, 2 The mixing of live pigs from Eurasia and North America through international trade or other means could have created the circumstances necessary for influenza viruses from North American and Eurasian pigs to mix. In fact, a 2009 study in Nature demonstrated that reassortant influenza viruses with genes from North American and Eurasian pigs were found in samples collected from pigs in Hong Kong as early as 2004. 2 *
Is H1N1 a flu?
The H1N1 virus that caused that pandemic is now a regular human flu virus and continues to circulate seasonally worldwide. The English language content on this website is being archived for historic and reference purposes only. For current, updated information on seasonal flu, including information about H1N1, see the CDC Seasonal Flu website.
How long did the Spanish flu last?
The Spanish Flu -- something that started as just regular flu in the US -- spread to the whole of Europe and eventually the world causing catastrophic damage to the lives of millions from 1918 to 1920. However, what’s surprising is that the condition we’re experiencing today isn’t very different from what the world experienced nearly a century ago, ...
How many people died from the Spanish flu in 1918?
In 1918, our world saw another grave pandemic -- the infamous Spanish Flu -- that as per estimates, claimed lives of over 50 million people around the world. The Spanish Flu -- something that started as just regular flu in the US -- spread to the whole of Europe and eventually the world causing catastrophic damage to the lives ...
Is the Spanish flu mutating?
According to Dr Benito Almirante, head of infectious diseases at the Vall d'Hebron hospital in Barcelona, "Traces of the same virus have been found in other flu viruses. The Spanish flu continued to appear, mutating and acquiring genetic material from other viruses.". Reuters.
When was smallpox first reported?
At the same time, smallpox has been reported in ancient Asian cultures: smallpox was described as early as 1122 BCin China and is mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts of India.
Who is Edward Jenner?
Edward Jenner (Figure (Figure11)is well known around the world for his innovative contribution to immunization and the ultimate eradication of smallpox (2).
What is gas treatment?
Gas treatments are formulated with polyisobutene, and for that reason are cheap and widely available. They help improve the quality of gas by getting rid of harmful carbon deposits for cleaner emissions and breaking down water particles that can dilute the fuel.
How does removing fuel deposits improve engine performance?
Improve engine performance. Removing deposits in fuel results in a better flow of the fluid in the engine system. That means that your engine will experience less wear and perform to its full potential while retaining the same amount of fuel consumption. Maintain the quality of fuel you use.
What are fuel additives?
Read more. Fuel additives are an extremely convenient and effective accessory for maximizing fuel efficiency in your gas-powered vehicles. Gasoline has been known to leave deposits over time that can damage your vehicle’s fuel system.
What causes fuel to degrade?
Fuel typically starts to break down when it passes through the different parts of the fuel system. The breakdown causes the fuel to degrade, which in turn results in the formation of corrosive deposits such as gum, varnish, and carbon that block the intake valves and carburetor jets.
What is fuel injector cleaner?
Fuel injector cleaners are an upgrade from gas treatments since they contain polyetheramine (PEA), which is one of the strongest cleaning agents. It also cleans more parts in comparison including the direct fuel injectors. The compound also removes clogs and carbon buildup in the fuel filter to restore it to its full functioning level.
How does a fuel stabilizer work?
Fuel stabilizers work to maintain the quality of the fuel by absorbing water and slowing down oxidation and chemical breakdown of the fuel.
Is there a learning curve to using fuel additives?
Ease of Use: Ideally, there’s no learning curve to using a fuel additive since most come pre-prepared. What you are looking for, in this case, is a well-packaged, clear container that’s easy to hold and lets you know how much fluid is left.
When did the EPA start?
President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970 ; it began operation on December 2 , 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate.
When did Nixon sign the NEPA?
President Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1, 1970. The law created the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) in the Executive Office of the President. NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment.
What is the role of the Environmental Protection Agency?
It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws , in consultation with state, tribal, and local governments.
What states are in Region 8?
Region 8: responsible within the states of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Region 9: responsible within the states of Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, the territories of Guam and American Samoa, and the Navajo Nation.
What states sued the EPA?
In March 2005, nine states (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Mexico and Vermont) sued the EPA. The EPA's inspector general had determined that the EPA's regulation of mercury emissions did not follow the Clean Air Act, and that the regulations were influenced by top political appointees. The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned by Harvard University which contradicted its position on mercury controls. The suit alleged that the EPA's rule exempting coal-fired power plants from "maximum available control technology" was illegal, and additionally charged that the EPA's system of cap-and-trade to lower average mercury levels would allow power plants to forego reducing mercury emissions, which they objected would lead to dangerous local hotspots of mercury contamination even if average levels declined. Several states also began to enact their own mercury emission regulations. Illinois's proposed rule would have reduced mercury emissions from power plants by an average of 90% by 2009. In 2008—by which point a total of fourteen states had joined the suit—the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the EPA regulations violated the Clean Air Act.
Is environmental justice a federal issue?
Many environmental justice issues are local, and therefore difficult to address by a federal agency, such as the EPA. Without strong media attention, political interest, or 'crisis' status, local issues are less likely to be addressed at the federal level compared to larger, well publicized incidents.
What is the EPA?
The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) is an independent executive agency of the United States federal government tasked with environmental protection matters. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order.
When did Flint stop using water?
October 13, 2014. Citing concerns that the high level of chloride in Flint water is corrosive to engine parts, a General Motors plant announces it will stop using local water. Despite this announcement—another red flag among many—the city continues pumping river water to homes.
How much money did the EPA give Flint?
The EPA provides $100 million from the federal funding appropriated in December 2016 to accelerate and expand the city’s replacement of lead service lines in Flint and to make other water infrastructure improvements.
Is Flint River water safe?
Despite protests by residents lugging jugs of discolored water, officials maintained that the water was safe.
What was the problem with Flint water?
Flint’s water supply was plagued by more than lead. The city’s switch from Detroit water to the Flint River coincided with an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease (a severe form of pneumonia) that killed 12 and sickened at least 87 people between June 2014 and October 2015.
What was the Flint water crisis?
One of the few bright spots of the Flint water crisis was the response of everyday citizens who, faced with the failure of city, state, and federal agencies to protect them, united to force the government to do its job. On the heels of the release of test results in the fall of 2015 showing elevated lead levels in Flint’s water—and its children— local residents joined with NRDC and other groups to petition the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to launch an immediate emergency federal response to the disaster. The EPA failed to act, which only spurred residents on.
Is Flint water safe to drink?
Despite assuring Flint residents that the city’s water is safe for drinking, filtered water is provided to government employees in Flint’s State Office Building for “as long as the public water does not meet treatment requirements.”
Is lead in Flint water a public health concern?
In an internal memo, an EPA official warns that the lack of corrosion control treatment for lead and copper is a “major” public health concern and that the city’s water sampling methods may be significantly underestimating lead levels. When the memo is leaked, an MDEQ spokesman responds, “Anyone who is concerned about lead in the drinking water in Flint can relax.”
How Spanish Flu (1918 Pandemic) began?
How Did Spanish Flu (1918 Pandemic) Spread?
- While the first cases of Spanish Flu emerged in the US, it was Spain that experienced most of its devastating impact. According to the historian Jaume Claret Miranda, the matters got worse after authorities didn’t cancel San Isidro festivities, despite warnings and as the festivities ended, around May 22, newspapers were flooded with news of people falling ill with the flu and the ter…
No Spanish Flu Vaccine Or Tests
- According to Lara Martinez sisters, at the time Spanish Flu was wreaking havoc in the world, doctors didn’t have access to the kind of medicine and advancement in medical science as we have. There was no vaccine, or tests or proper treatment that could help the patients. Everyone was trying whatever they could to see what worked in stopping the deadly Spanish Flu disease.
Spanish Flu's Second Wave Killed More People
- After the first wave of cases of Spanish Flu pandemic got cured, relaxations came into place. And with people thinking that the pandemic was over, they started living their lives like they used to. However, soon after the second wave of Spanish Flu cases started emerging and it got way worse. Even with the current COVID-19 pandemic,the fear of a second wave is highlighted by exp…
Spanish Flu: Herd Immunity
- Eventually, the frequency of the cases of Spanish Flu saw a gradual decline as people started developing herd immunity -- a phenomenon where more number of people in a community get infected, and in the process of recovery, develop antibodies against the virus. It's what's being hoped today as well with COVID-19, where recovered patient's body would make them immune, …
How Spanish Flu ended?
- The Spanish Flu pandemic eventually phased out by 1920 -- taking nearly two years and stringent amount of social distancing. However, what’s surprising is that the Spanish Flu hasn’t really disappeared from our world. The cases keep on popping every now and then, but in isolated instances never spiralling out of control to reach its previous pandemic level. According to Dr Be…