What are the best treatments for diabetes?
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Learn More...How effective are treatments for diabetes?
- To treat diabetes, you may need to take insulin, use medication like metformin, get regular exercise, and maintain a healthy diet.
- The best treatment for your diabetes depends on whether you have type 1 or type 2, but regardless, you will need to follow similar recommendations to effectively lower blood sugar.
- This article was reviewed by Jason R. ...
What are Your Diabetes goals?
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Is diabetes a disease and does it require treatment?
- A: Get a regular A 1C test.
- B: Try to keep your b lood pressure below 140/90 mm Hg (or the target your doctor sets).
- C: Manage your c holesterol levels.
- s: Stop s moking or don’t start.
Why is it important to treat diabetes?
Diabetes is a serious medical condition that can cause you to become fatigued, feel extreme hunger, and experience other more serious problems over time. If you do not manage this disease, you could develop more serious complications like vision problems, dementia, and kidney issues.
What are the goal of treatment of insulin?
Insulin therapy helps prevent diabetes complications by keeping your blood sugar within your target range.
What is the goal of treatment for type 1 diabetes?
The goal is to keep your blood sugar level as close to normal as possible to delay or prevent complications. Generally, the goal is to keep your daytime blood sugar levels before meals between 80 and 130 mg/dL (4.44 to 7.2 mmol/L) and your after-meal numbers no higher than 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) two hours after eating.
What is the goal of type 2 diabetes treatment?
The main goals of treatment in type 2 diabetes are to keep your blood sugar levels within your goal range and treat other medical conditions that go along with diabetes (like high blood pressure); it is also very important to stop smoking if you smoke. These measures will reduce your risk of complications.
What is the goal of diabetes education?
Diabetes education helps individuals with diabetes learn how to manage their disease and be as healthy as possible. . The seven behaviors educators focus on are; Healthy Eating, Being Active, Monitoring, Healthy Coping, Reducing Risks, Problem Solving, and Taking Medication.
β-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES: IN VIVO STUDIES
Several cross-sectional and prospective studies showed that β-cell dysfunction plays a major role in determining the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes.
β-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES: HISTOLOGICAL AND EX VIVO STUDIES
The role of reduced β-cell mass in human type 2 diabetes, the primary importance of β-cell apoptosis, and the insufficiency of replication/neogenesis have been studied by several authors using histological pancreatic samples, or isolated islets.
β-CELL PRESERVATION BY CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES: IN VIVO STUDIES
As aforementioned, research performed in different categories of subjects by cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, together with histological analysis and ex vivo islet investigations, strongly suggest that β-cell failure is crucial for the onset of diabetes and progressive deterioration of glycemic control.
β-CELL PRESERVATION BY CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES: EX VIVO STUDIES
The possibility that pancreatic β-cell damage can be prevented, or even reverted, has been tested in isolated human nondiabetic islets exposed to different metabolic perturbations and, more importantly, with islets from type 2 diabetic donors. In early work, it was assessed whether metformin could affect the phenomenon of glucotoxicity ( 39 ).
CONCLUSIONS
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is key to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. Both altered β-cell function and decreased β-cell mass are likely to contribute to the defects in insulin release typical of diabetes. These defects cause a progressive increase of glucose levels, with deterioration of glycemic control over the years.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN 2007–2008).
What are the goals of diabetes?
The general goals of the treatment of diabetes are to avoid acute decompensation, prevent or delay the appearance of late disease complications, decrease mortality, and maintain a good quality of life. As for chronic complications of the disease, it is clear that good control of glycemia makes it possible to reduce the incidence of microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy), 3,4 whereas good control of glycemia per se does not seem to be as determinant in the prevention of macrovascular complications (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arteriopathy). 4 In this sense, the treatment of hyperglycemia should be contemplated as part of an integral approach to the combined risk factors present in these patients (arterial hypertension [AHT], dyslipidemia, smoking). Thus, a treatment designed to obtain optimal glycemic control that neglects other cardiovascular risk factors is not very rational. In fact, it will surely be more beneficial to the diabetic patient to address cardiovascular risk factors overall, even if goals are not strictly reached for any of them. The therapeutic objectives are listed in Table 1. 5-7 Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c) is the best index of the control of diabetes, since it provides information about the degree of glycemic control in the last two to three months and should remain below 7%. Nevertheless, in older patient or persons with a very limited life expectancy, it is not necessary to reach this therapeutic target since it entails a high risk of causing severe hypoglycemia. As for the target values for the lipid profile and blood pressure, it should be remembered that ischemic heart disease is the main cause of mortality in diabetic patients 1,2 and that the cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients is similar to that of nondiabetic patients who already have ischemic heart disease. 8 Therefore, the target values required in the diabetic population should be strict and similar to those demanded in patients with established coronary artery disease.
What is the only treatment for diabetes mellitus?
Thus, in type 1 diabetes mellitus a severe insulin secretion deficit exists and the only treatment, at present, is the administration of insulin or insulin analog.
How long has insulin been available?
Insulin administration is the fundamental treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Although insulin has been available for more than 75 years, in the last two decades there have been important changes due to the generalized use of reflectometers by patients to self-monitor capillary blood glucose.
Why is the treatment of type 2 diabetes more complex?
However, treatment of type 2 diabetic patients is more complex because a defect in both insulin secretion and insulin action exists. Therefore, the treatment selection will depend on the stage of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.
How does exercise help with diabetes?
Physical exercise, aside from constituting a mainstay of the treatment of diabetic patients, helps to prevent the development of diabetes in adult life. 10-14 In patients with type 2 diabetes, moderate regular exercise (30 min/day) is very beneficial, since it reduces glycemia by increasing sensitivity to insulin, improves the lipid profile, lowers blood pressure, contributes to weight loss, and improves cardiovascular state (decreased heart rate at rest, increased systolic volume, and decreased cardiac work). In addition, it gives the patient a sense of well being and better quality of life. The main disadvantage of exercise in diabetic patients is hypoglycemia, which can occur several hours later and should condition adjustments in the therapeutic regimen. In addition, in patients with type 1 diabetes and poor metabolic control, especially after anaerobic exercise, hyperglycemic decompensation or even ketosis can take place. Aside from disturbing glucose metabolism, physical exercise can entail other risks, which are detailed in Table 2. Therefore, the patient´s exercise program must be planned individually taking into consideration physical capacity and potential risks. 15
How to treat diabetes in type 2 diabetics?
Diet and exercise are fundamental in the treatment of diabetes. Dietary recommendations must be customized for each individual to achieve the general objectives of treatment. It should be remembered that obesity is common in type 2 diabetics so one of the main objectives should be weight reduction. The calorie content of the diet should be adjusted in each individual in accordance with the body mass index and regular physical activity. As far as the nutrient proportions of the diet, it is recommended that proteins should constitute 10%-20% of calorie intake and fats less than 30%, with less than 10% saturated fats. With regard to carbohydrates, emphasis should be placed on total intake rather than on their origin, although rapidly absorbed carbohydrates should be avoided. 9
Is diabetes mellitus a chronic disease?
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with one of the highest social and healthcare costs and is associated with a 3-fold to 4-fold increment in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In fact, ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death in diabetic patients. 1,2 This article places special emphasis on the therapeutic management of type 2 diabetes, which is the most prevalent type and, consequently, the modality that will cause the greatest cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in absolute figures.
