What are the three types of affirmative action?
Affirmative action focuses on providing equal footing in education (a forward action in college admissions), business, employment policies, and employment opportunities.
What is affirmative action in simple terms?
Affirmative action is defined as a set of procedures designed to; eliminate unlawful discrimination among applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination in the future. Applicants may be seeking admission to an educational program or looking for professional employment.
Is affirmative action still in place?
Since voters in 1996 stopped the California State University system from recruiting students based on race and offering recruited students scholarships to relieve financial burdens, the share of Black and Native American students has fallen.
What is another name for affirmative action?
In this page you can discover 11 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for affirmative action, like: nondiscrimination, reverse discrimination, limited choice, quota system, equal-opportunity, fair treatment, anti-discrimination program, fair hiring practices, positive discrimination, even break ...
Who is eligible for affirmative action?
Any organization with fifty or more employees and an aggregate revenue exceeding $50,000 from a single federal contract during a twelve-month period must have a written affirmative action plan.
What is affirmative action give example?
Affirmative action aims to right historic wrongs by favoring defined groups of individuals that were discriminated against in the past. For instance, a company might post jobs in areas with high numbers of minority job seekers to reach these under-represented candidates.
What are the types of affirmative action?
Affirmative actions can take different forms. Often affirmative actions are written into federal or state law. They can also take the form of voluntary plans or consent decrees. Occasionally, although rarely these days, a court will impose an affirmative action plan to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
What is the problem with affirmative action?
Perhaps the most tragic side effect of affirmative action is that very significant achievements of minority students can become compromised. It is often not possible to tell whether a given student genuinely deserved admission to Stanford, or whether he is there by virtue of fitting into some sort of diversity matrix.
Are diversity quotas legal?
In 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment.
What is the opposite of affirmative?
Antonyms: negative. expressing or consisting of a negation or refusal or denial. dissentient, dissenting, dissident.
What is the opposite of affirmative action?
United States. Opponents of Affirmative action in the United States use the term reverse discrimination to say that such programs discriminate against White Americans in favor of African Americans.
What is affirmative action and what is its purpose?
Affirmative Action policies and programs are tools whereby additional efforts are made to recruit, hire and promote qualified women, minorities and individuals with disabilities.
Origins
The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in " Executive Order No. 10925 ", signed by President John F.
Women
Several different studies investigated the effect of affirmative action on women.
Quotas
Law regarding quotas and affirmative action varies widely from nation to nation.
National approaches
In some countries that have laws on racial equality, affirmative action is rendered illegal because it does not treat all races equally. This approach of equal treatment is sometimes described as being " color blind ", in hopes that it is effective against discrimination without engaging in reverse discrimination .
International organizations
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination stipulates (in Article 2.2) that affirmative action programs may be required of countries that ratified the convention, in order to rectify systematic discrimination.
Support
The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Often, these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons, such as oppression or slavery.
Criticism
Critics of affirmative action offer a variety of arguments as to why it is counterproductive or should be discontinued.
RACE PREFERENCE IS WRONG
Here is the fundamental principle: Giving preference by race, by skin color, is wrong, unjust; when done by an agency of the state it is unlawful, a violation of federal statutes and of our Constitution. The motives are often good; we understand that. But the conduct is wrong and not tolerable in a good society.
RACE PREFERENCE IS BAD
Beyond its unfairness, racial preference is injurious and counterproductive. Ask yourself: Who reaps the benefits and who bears the burdens of race preference?
THE UNIVERSITY IS NO EXCEPTION
I turn, finally, to the litigation now in progress at the University of Michigan. We discriminate by race at the University of Michigan. Some materials (obtained under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act) proving this beyond dispute were distributed earlier.
Origins
- The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in "Executive Order No. 10925", signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated [fairly] during employment, without regard to their r...
Women
- Several different studies investigated the effect of affirmative action on women. Kurtulus (2012) in her review of affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973–2003 showed that the effect of affirmative action on advancing black, Hispanic, and white women into management, professional, and technical occupations occurred primarily duri…
Quotas
- Law regarding quotas and affirmative action varies widely from nation to nation. Caste-based and other group-based quotas are used in the reservation system. In 2012, the European UnionCommission approved a plan for women to constitute 40% of non-executive board directorships in large listed companies in Europe by 2020. In Sweden, the Supreme Court has rul…
National Approaches
- In some countries that have laws on racial equality, affirmative action is rendered illegal because it does not treat all races equally. This approach of equal treatment is sometimes described as being "color blind", in hopes that it is effective against discrimination without engaging in reverse discrimination. In such countries, the focus tends to be on ensuring equal opportunity and, for ex…
International Organizations
- United Nations
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discriminationstipulates (in Article 2.2) that affirmative action programs may be required of countries that ratified the convention, in order to rectify systematic discrimination. It states, however, that such programs "…
Support
- The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Often, these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons, such as oppression or slavery.Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve a range of goals: bridging inequalities in employment a…
Criticism
- Critics of affirmative action offer a variety of arguments as to why it is counterproductive or should be discontinued. For example, critics may argue that affirmative action hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages individuals to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may …
Further Reading
- Anderson, Elizabeth S. (2002). "Integration, affirmative action, and strict scrutiny". NYU Law Review. 77: 1195–271. Pdf.
- Anderson, Kristin J. (2010). "'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit". Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334....
- Anderson, Elizabeth S. (2002). "Integration, affirmative action, and strict scrutiny". NYU Law Review. 77: 1195–271. Pdf.
- Anderson, Kristin J. (2010). "'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit". Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334....
- Anderson, Terry H. (2004). The pursuit of fairness: a history of affirmative action. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195157642.
- Boxill, Bernard; Boxill, Jan (2005), "Affirmative action", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), A companion to applied ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Ma...
External Links
- Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Affirmative Action". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- "Affirmative action collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
- Affirmative Action collected news and commentary at The Washington Post
- Does the success of Barack Obama mean we no longer need affirmative action?NOW on PBS investigates