What are the characteristics of Song dynasty architecture?
Song architecturewas characterized by its tall buildings, such as the 360-foot (110-metre) pagoda in Bianjing, as well as the eaves of its roofs which Song architects curved upward at the corners. A number of six-sided or eight-sided brick or wood pagodas still survive from the Song era.
What is surface treatment?
What is surface treatment? Surface energy of solid materials and the need for surface treatment of polymers. It is often necessary to bond plastic materials to metals or other plastic materials, or simply print on a plastic surface.
What technological advances were made during the Song dynasty?
There were other considerable advancements in hydraulic engineering and nautical technology during the Song dynasty.
How did Song Ci contribute to forensic science?
The physician and judge known as Song Ci (1186–1249) wrote a pioneering work of forensic science on the examination of corpses in order to determine cause of death (strangulation, poisoning, drowning, blows, etc.) and to prove whether death resulted from murder, suicide, or accidental death.
What was a major weakness of the Song dynasty?
Political corruption and invasions from external tribes, and civilian uprisings greatly weakened the Northern Song Dynasty. Due to weak military strength the Northern Song were not able to withstand the invasion from the Jin Dynasty.
How was the Song dynasty corrupt?
About 100 years after the Songs first started ruling over China, their government started to go through a major decline. Officials that held important government positions were corrupt. Wealthy merchants that became rich from foreign trade found ways to avoid paying taxes.
What did artists emphasize during the Song dynasty?
The emphasis laid upon landscape painting in the Song period was grounded in Chinese philosophy; Taoism stressed that humans were but tiny specks amongst vast and greater cosmos, while Neo-Confucianist writers often pursued the discovery of patterns and principles that they believed caused all social and natural ...
What 3 things was the Song dynasty known for?
These 10 facts are the highlights.1) The Song Empire arose when a general of a small state conquered a large territory. ... 2) Taizu stands out as an emperor who fostered science and education. ... 3) The Song Empire enjoyed unprecedented economic growth. ... 4) The Song population doubled in 150 years.More items...•
Which of the following is a reason that the Song dynasty was unable to completely secure its reign?
The Song dynasty was unable to completely secure its reign because: Answers: the Song were unable to control the trade in silk and porcelain.
How was the Song dynasty overthrown?
The Song Dynasty ruled parts of China for more than three centuries. That reign ended on March 19, 1279, when a Mongol fleet defeated a Song fleet in the Battle of Yamen and completed its conquest of China.
What was culture like during the Song dynasty?
Ancient Chinese Taoism, ancestor worship, and foreign-originated Buddhism were the most prominent religious practices in the Song period. Chinese literature during the Song period contained a range of different genres and was enriched by the social complexity of the period.
What was the social structure of the Song dynasty?
During the Song dynasty, there was a clear division in social structure which was enforced by law. However, commoners could move up in society through acquirement of wealth. Through passing the imperial exam or donating resources, people could enter the gentry.
What types of architecture were common in the Song dynasty?
The architecture of the Song dynasty (960–1279) was noted for its towering Buddhist pagodas, enormous stone and wooden bridges, lavish tombs, and extravagant palaces.
Why was the Song dynasty so advanced?
During the Song (Sung) Dynasty (960-1276), technology was highly advanced in fields as diverse as agriculture, iron-working, and printing. Indeed, scholars today talk of a Song economic revolution. The population grew rapidly during this time, and more and more people lived in cities.
How did the Song dynasty interact with the environment?
During the Song period, three non-Chinese groups formed states that controlled the grasslands to the north of the Song, where the colder, drier climate favored animal husbandry over crop agriculture. Over the course of four centuries, these Inner Asian states gained more territory occupied primarily by Chinese.
Which statement correctly describes the Song dynasty?
Which statement correctly describes the Song Dynasty? The dynasty established civil service exams to identify the best workers for government positions.
What dynasty was Bodhisattva from?
A wooden Bodhisattva from the Song dynasty (960–1279). During the 11th century, political rivalries divided members of the court due to the ministers' differing approaches, opinions, and policies regarding the handling of the Song's complex society and thriving economy.
How did China advance the iron trade?
The iron trade within China was advanced by the construction of new canals, facilitating the flow of iron products from production centres to the large market in the capital city. Chinese boats from the 13th century, Song Dynasty; Chinese ships of the Song period featured hulls with watertight compartments.
What was the Song Dynasty's purpose in the Song Dynasty?
The Song dynasty used military force in an attempt to quell the Liao dynasty and to recapture the Sixteen Prefectures, a territory under Khitan control since 938 that was traditionally considered to be part of China proper (Most parts of today's Beijing and Tianjin ).
How many men were on the Song Dynasty?
Although the Jin forces commanded by Wanyan Liang (the Prince of Hailing) boasted 70,000 men on 600 warships, and the Song forces only 3,000 men on 120 warships, the Song dynasty forces were victorious in both battles due to the destructive power of the bombs and the rapid assaults by paddlewheel ships.
What was the new military technology that the Song Dynasty developed?
To repel the Jin, and later the Mongols, the Song developed revolutionary new military technology augmented by the use of gunpowder. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song.
How many people were in the Northern Song?
The Northern Song census recorded 20 million households, double of the Han and Tang dynasties. It is estimated that the Northern Song had a population of 90 million people, and 200 million by the time of the Ming dynasty. This dramatic increase of population fomented an economic revolution in pre-modern China.
What was the name of the city in the Song Dynasty?
During the Northern Song ( Chinese: 北宋; 960–1127), the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China.
What was the purpose of the Huaben?
This elevation of the everyday speech of the common people as a medium of story writing of the huaben (“vernacular story”) type was to open up new vistas in prose fiction in later periods.
What is shi poetry?
Poetry of the conventional type ( shi) was cultivated by numerous rival schools, each claiming many illustrious members. On the whole, the rival literary movements were significant as steps toward greater naturalness in syntax, and a few outstanding writers approximated the spoken vernacular language. Among the many shi poets of the Song dynasty, Lu You, who flourished in the 12th century, was a towering figure. A traveler and patriot, he wrote throughout his long career no fewer than 20,000 poems, of which more than 9,000 have been preserved.
Who was the founder of Guwen style?
In prose the reform initiated by Han Yu in the name of ancient, more straightforward style ( guwen) was reemphasized by such 11th-century writers as Ouyang Xiu and Su Dongpo. Both men held high rank in the civil service and were great painters as well as leading poets. Nevertheless, their contribution to prose writing in guwen style was as important as their poetry. The guwen movement was further supported by men whose primary interest was not belles lettres, such as Sima Guang, the statesman-historian, and Zhu Xi, the scholar-philosopher and principal formulator of Neo-Confucianism.
How many poems did Lu You write?
A traveler and patriot, he wrote throughout his long career no fewer than 20,000 poems, of which more than 9,000 have been preserved.
What was the Song Dynasty?
Song dynasty: 960–1279. The Song dynasty was marked by cultural advancement and military weakness. During this period, literary output was spectacularly increased, thanks mainly to the improvement of printing (invented in the 8th century) and to the establishment of public schools throughout the empire (from 1044).
Who was the main supporter of the Guwen movement?
The guwen movement was further supported by men whose primary interest was not belles lettres, such as Sima Guang, the statesman-historian, and Zhu Xi, the scholar-philosopher and principal formulator of Neo-Confucianism. In prose fiction there were two distinct trends.
Who is the greatest woman poet in China?
Ouyang Xiu and Li Qingzhao, the latter generally considered the greatest woman poet of China, may be considered representatives of this trend. Li Qingzhao’s poems, paralleling her life, are intensely personal.
What Is The Song Dynasty Best Known For?
The Song of Sung dynasty is known to have ruled China from the year 960 to 1279CE, and they boast a reign that was split into two main periods – The Northern Song of 960-1125 CE and the Southern Song 1125-1279CE.
Song Dynasty Achievements And Inventions
The biggest inventions and achievements by the Song Dynasty include some of the greatest inventions and scientific innovations. But unlike their influences over religion, culture, and philosophy, most of the scientific advances by the Song dynasty were lost and even forgotten about by the later dynasties.
Solid political foundation
Although the political foundation established then didn’t last for a very time, and the fact that the Song dynasty came in after the Tang Dynasty’s political collapse, the Song Dynasty, under the leadership of Emperor Taizong, would rise to the challenge, bringing the states together into what became some semblance of a more unified China.
Song Dynasty Economy And Trade
In addition to the prospering art and education scenes, the other thing that was at its best during the Song Dynasty’s time was the economy. With Kaifeng already the capital for the dynasty and even earlier dynasties, it was the perfect metropolis under Song, and not just for China but the rest of the world at the time.
Why Was The Song Dynasty Important?
The reign of the Song Dynasty is considered one of the most important times in Chinese history, and the main reason for this is the fact that under this dynasty’s rule, there were numerous advancements and inventions that were made, with some of the biggest inventions of things like the gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and more reliable architectural works made at the time.
When Did The Song Dynasty Start And End?
The Song Dynasty, also known as the Song Empire, was in existence between the years 960 and 1279. It is considered to be China’s biggest and most powerful empire that brought the biggest scientific, economic, and military developments to the country.
Why Did The Song Dynasty End?
There are different things that contributed to the end/ collapse of the Song Dynasty, but the main reasons include:
What happens when there is a high voltage discharge in an air gap?
In the presence of a high voltage discharge in an air gap, free electrons, which are always present in the air, accelerate and ionise the gas. When the electric discharge is very strong, collisions of high velocity electrons with molecules of gas result in no loss in momentum, and electron avalanching occurs.
How does surface treatment improve wettability?
The treatment can improve wettability of the material by raising the material’s surface energy and positively affect adhesive characteristics by creating bonding sites. The most advanced and successful methods of surface treatment are based on a principle of high voltage discharge in air.
How many times does a plastic discharge break molecular bonds?
When a plastic part is placed in the discharge path, the electrons generated in the discharge impact the surface with energies 2 to 3 times that necessary to break the molecular bonds on the surface of most substrates. This creates very reactive free radicals.
What is surface treatment?
An Electrical Surface Treatment system consists of high frequency generator, high voltage transformer and treating electrodes. The generator produces an output signal whose frequency is automatically adjusted in the 15-25 kHz range depending on the load impedance, thus optimising the power available for treatment.
How long does pretreated plastic last?
The shelf life of pre-treated materials ranges from hours to years, depending on the plastic, its formulation, how it was treated and its exposure to elevated temperature after treatment. Material purity is the most important factor.
What is surface energy?
Surface energy of solid materials and the need for surface treatment of polymers . It is often necessary to bond plastic materials to metals or other plastic materials, or simply print on a plastic surface. In order to successfully accomplish this the liquid adhesive, or ink should be able to wet the surface of the material.
Can plasma be used on 3D parts?
A plasma treatment is the ideal solution for your 3D parts because plasma gets almost everywhere. Therefore, it can cover regions of your parts which cannot be reached by traditional treatment methods. You can even treat the inside of small parts like syringes or the inside of a closed plastic bag.
Answer
The correct answer is D) it used farming methods that created a food surplus to feed the people.
New questions in History
Which phrase best completes the diagram? A. Freedom of speech and the press promoted by government B. Strained relations with countries in Europe …
Overview
The architecture of the Song dynasty (960–1279) was noted for its towering Buddhist pagodas, enormous stone and wooden bridges, lavish tombs, and extravagant palaces. Although literary works on architecture existed beforehand, architectural writing blossomed during the Song dynasty, maturing into a more professional form that described dimensions and working materia…
City and palace
The layout of ancient Chinese capitals, such as Bianjing, capital of the Northern Song, followed the guidelines in Kao Gong Ji, which specified a square city wall with several gates on each side and passageways for the emperor. The outer city of ancient Bianjing was built during the reign of Emperor Shenzong to a rectangular plan, almost square in proportions, about 6 km (3.7 mi) from north …
Buddhist pagodas
Following the reign of the Han dynasty, (202 BC–220 AD), the idea of the Buddhist stupa entered Chinese culture as a means to house and protect scriptural sutras. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, the distinctive Chinese pagoda was developed, its predecessors being the tall watch towers and towering residential apartments of the Han dynasty (as inferred fro…
Temples
It was not uncommon for wealthy or powerful families to facilitate the construction of large temple complexes, usually by donating a portion of their family estate to a Buddhist sect. Often the land already contained buildings that could be re-purposed for religions use. The Fei (費) family of the town of Jinze, located just west of Shanghai, converted a mansion on their property into a Bu…
Bridges
Bridges over waterways had been known in China since the ancient Zhou dynasty. During the Song dynasty, large trestle bridges were constructed, such as that built by Zhang Zhongyan in 1158. There were also large bridges made entirely of stone, like the Ba Zi Bridge of Shaoxing, built in 1256 and still standing today. Bridges with pavilions crowning their central spans were often featured in such …
Tombs of Northern Song emperors
Located southwest of Gongyi city in Henan province, the large tombs of the Northern Song number about one thousand, including individual tombs for Song emperors, empresses, princes, princesses, consorts, and members of the extended family. The complex extends approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) from east to west and 8 km (5.0 mi) from north to south. The construction of the complex b…
Literature
During the Song dynasty, previous works on architecture were brought to more sophisticated levels of description, as in Yili Shigong written in 1193 AD. However, one of the most definitive works was the earlier Mu Jing ("Timberwork Manual"), ascribed to Yu Hao and written sometime between 965 and 995. Yu Hao was responsible for the construction of a wooden pagoda tower in Kaifen…
See also
• Chinese architecture
• Caihua
• Chinese Palaces
• List of Chinese inventions
Overview
The Song dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties in northern China. After decades of armed re…
History
After usurping the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty, Emperor Taizu of Song (r. 960–976) spent sixteen years conquering the rest of China, reuniting much of the territory that had once belonged to the Han and Tang empires and ending the upheaval of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Kaifeng, he established a strong central government over the empire. The establishment o…
Culture and society
The Song dynasty was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social organization. Some of the largest cities in the world were found in China during this period (Kaifeng and Hangzhou had populations of over a million). People enjoyed various social clubs and entertainment in the cities, and there were many schools and temples to provide the people with education and relig…
Economy
The Song dynasty had one of the most prosperous and advanced economies in the medieval world. Song Chinese invested their funds in joint stock companies and in multiple sailing vessels at a time when monetary gain was assured from the vigorous overseas trade and domestic trade along the Grand Canal and Yangtze River. Prominent merchant families and private businesses were allo…
Science and technology
Advancements in weapons technology enhanced by gunpowder, including the evolution of the early flamethrower, explosive grenade, firearm, cannon, and land mine, enabled the Song Chinese to ward off their militant enemies until the Song's ultimate collapse in the late 13th century. The Wujing Zongyao manuscript of 1044 was the first book in history to provide formulas for gunpo…
See also
• Emperors' family tree
• Four Great Books of Song
• Lu You
• Shao Yong
• Tang Clan
Further reading
• Bol, Peter K. (1992). "This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1920-9.
• Cotterell, Arthur (2007), The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire, London: Pimlico, ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5
External links
• Song Dynasty at China Heritage Quarterly
• Song Dynasty at bcps.org
• Song and Liao artwork
• Song dynasty art with video commentary