Did Serra’s missionaries mistreat the Indians of California?
Many Native Americans and others, on hearing of the impending canonization, expressed dismay, pointing out that Serra’s missions seriously mistreated California’s Indians.
How were the natives treated by the Spanish explorers?
Spanish explorers considered the natives inferior. Consequently, they forcibly converted natives to Christianity, confined them to slavery and murdered them. In 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived on the island of Hispaniola. Upon encountering natives in the new land,...
What was the goal of the Spanish missionaries in America?
The missionaries goal was to convert natives to Christianity, because diffusion of Christianity was deemed to be a requirement of the religion. Spanish Vice-royalties in America had the same structure as the Vice-Royalties in Spanish provinces.
How were the sailors ordered to treat the natives?
The sailors were ordered to treat the natives humanely, and they were to be considered equal. The queen ordered the natives to be converted to Christianity and taught European behaviors. However, she did not authorize slavery.
What Spanish priest spoke out the first treatment of Native Americans and then about the use of slavery in the Spanish colonies?
Bartolomé de Las Casas, (born 1474 or 1484, Sevilla?, Spain—died July 1566, Madrid), early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.
How did the Spanish missionaries treat the natives?
The missions created new communities where the Native Americans received religious education and instruction. The Spanish established pueblos (towns) and presidios (forts) for protection. The natives lived in the missions until their religious training was complete.
Who publicly criticized the treatment of Native Americans by the Spanish?
Bartolomé de Las Casas Describes the Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples, 1542.
What did Bartolome de las Casas speak out against?
After participating in the conquest of Cuba, Las Casas freed his own slaves and spoke out against Spanish cruelties and injustices in the empire. He argued for the equal humanity and natural rights of the Native Americans.
What were Spanish missionaries called?
In the early seventeenth century the Jesuits in South America began establishing communities called reducciones, from the Spanish word reducir, “to bring together.” A few priests and their assistants usually presided over a community of several thousand Indians, teaching them European agriculture, music, architecture, ...
Who were the neophytes?
From the Greek νεόφυτος, meaning newly planted, a term found once in the New Testament (1 Tm 3.6). It came into use in the Church to designate those newly converted from paganism or from any non-Christian sect, and later, by extension, was applied to those recently admitted to the religious or clerical states.
Who was Bartolome de las Casas and what did he do?
Bartolomé de Las Casas, (born August 1474, Sevilla? —died July 17, 1566, Madrid), Spanish historian and missionary, called the Apostle of the Indies. He sailed on Christopher Columbus's third voyage (1498) and later became a planter on Hispaniola (1502). In 1510 he became the first priest ordained in the Americas.
Who was Bartolome de las Casas quizlet?
Who was he? a Spanish born Dominican friar and writer who advocated for the humane treatment of the Native Americans.
Did Bartolome de las Casas own slaves?
Las Casas became a hacendado and slave owner, receiving a piece of land in the province of Cibao. He participated in slave raids and military expeditions against the native Taíno population of Hispaniola.
How does Las Casas characterize the native peoples?
Las Casas portrayed the natives as naïve. They believed that the Spanish were sent from heaven, and as such treated them well until the cruelty started. Las Casas also portrays the weapons that the natives use similar to naïve boys.
What was the lasting accomplishment of Bartolome de las Casas?
What was the lasting accomplishment of Bartolome de Las Casas? He reformed the new Spain and the way Spanish settlers treated the Native Americans.
What economic system did the Spanish colonists use to repress Native Americans?
The economic system which was used by the Spanish colonists incorporated the Native American population but also repressed it. Native Americans worked a plot of land called a encomienda, which was granted to a colonist by the governor. Indian laborers worked without pay at tasks such as tanning hides and were required to provide the owner ...
What did the Mestizos do?
Mestizos, or people of Spanish and Indian origin, could not hold any public offices and worked only in crafts. On the lowest rung were the Indians who worked on the encomiendas for the Spanish. By making race a factor in a person's economic status, colonial Spain succeeded in oppressing the natives.
What were the similarities between native and Catholic religions?
Similarities between native and Catholic religions such as the belief in a higher power also aided the process of blending the cultures together. The tolerance of the friars for the natives ended after the drought of the 1670s.
Who was the first Franciscan missionary to arrive in New Mexico?
Friar Alonso de Benavides, known as the Custodio y Conversión de San Pablo, the newly appointed ecclesiastical dignitary of the New Mexico mission field, he arrived with a supply caravan in 1626. The Portuguese Franciscan missionary was accompanied by 12 Franciscans, who joined 14 missionaries who were already residing in New Mexico. Benavides’ arrival signaled a new beginning for the New Mexican missions. The tireless friar toiled in the expanded mission field and promoted it with his prolific quill. Written for the Pope and Spanish king, his Memorial of 1630, and a revised version in 1634 were published in five languages before the end of 17th century. An offshoot of the colonial Mexican Church, the New Mexico missions were not unlike other mission provinces in the Americas. In his Memorial, Benavides offered a composite, albeit romanticized, view of “the pious tasks of the friars in these conversions.”
What did Benavides write about the missionaries?
Of a day in the life of a missionary, Benavides, seeing through the eyes of a colonial missionary, wrote a description of a friar’s daily routine that could be applied anywhere in the Americas during the Spanish colonial period . Benavides’ Memorial embellished the successes of the New Mexico missions and brushed off the American Indian view — in particular that of anti-mission Pueblo Indians. Their view was often expressed as a rejection of the missionaries. When passive resistance failed, the Indians turned to armed rebellion. Despite their goals, the friars ultimately settled for imperfectly converted Christian Indians who integrated Christianity, native beliefs and spirituality into their customs and traditions. The missionaries had satisfied the Spanish government’s objectives to pacify the frontier, and the church’s quest to save souls and spread Christianity.
Who wrote about the daily life of a missionary?
Benavides’ universal description of a day in the life of a missionary resonated in the daily lives of missionaries in remote lands. He wrote:
What do the Indian friars do?
The singers chant the Prime in the choir. The friar must be present at all of this and takes note of those who have failed to perform this duty, in order to reprimand them later. When everything is neat and clean, they again ring the bell and each one goes to learn his particular specialty; the friar oversees it all, in order that these students may be mindful of what they are doing. At this time those who plan to get married come and notify him, so that he may prepare and instruct them according to our holy council;if there are any, either sick or healthy persons, who wish to confess in order to receive communion at mass, or who wish anything else, they come to tell him. After they have been occupied in this manner for an hour and a half, the bell is rung for mass. All go into the church, and the friar says mass and administers the sacraments. Mass over, they gather in different groups, examine the lists, and take note of those who are absent in order to reprimand them later. After taking the roll, all kneel down by the church door and sing the Salve in their own tongue. This concluded, the friar says: “Praised be the most Holy Sacrament,” and dismisses them, warning them first of the circumstances with which they should go about their daily business.
Who is the curator of the old mission Dolores?
The Aguirres have deep family roots at the mission and ancestors buried in the cemetery grounds. (Ian Vergara) Andrew Galvan, curator at the Old Mission Dolores in San Francisco, has always felt a deep spiritual connection to Fr. Junípero Serra. He was present in Rome when Serra was beatified by St.
Who is the founder of the California Missions Foundation?
As a founding member of the California Missions Foundation, Galvan understands the controversial history behind California's 21 missions and their founder. He argues the recent defacing, destroying and removing of Serra's statues is not the answer.
What does Cordero say about the loss of people?
When it comes to erasing past mistakes or healing the pain of his people, Cordero says, "there is nothing the church, Serra or the missionaries did that outweighs or justifies the loss of land, culture, language, people.". Serra's point of view.
What does Galvan mean by putting up statues of California's indigenous people?
When activists suggest putting up statues of California's indigenous, rather than erecting colonizers, Galvan — and other indigenous Catholics and leaders — offer a more practical, long-lasting approach. He would rather see the effort go toward having respectful dialogue, freely welcoming Native Americans into the missions and church, changing the way the mission system (and the story of Serra) is taught in schools, and fundraising scholarships for Native youth to attend college.
What did Serra understand?
Serra understood this in terms of education within a family, recognizing that a friar was to treat the Indians 'as a tender and prudent father.'. ". Being in charge of an imperfect system also proved Serra's humanness, as well as his sainthood, he said.
When was Serra canonized?
He was present in Rome when Serra was beatified by St. John Paul II in 1988, and 27 years later in 2015 he was in Washington, D.C., when the Spanish Franciscan friar was canonized a saint by Pope Francis. "It was one of those 'somebody pinch me' moments," said Galvan, a direct descendant of the Ohlone, Bay Miwok, ...
Did the California Catholic Conference support the Serra statue?
In a joint statement, the California Catholic Conference said that while it fully supports "eliminating racism against members of the African-American and Native-American communities," in tearing down Serra statues, protestors " have failed" to "be truly effective as a remedy for racism," as Serra worked "against an oppression that extends far beyond the mission era."
Who started the Franciscan mission in California?
Elias Castillo’s remarkable book starts with a concise history of Spain’s brutal conquest/colonization of the Americas, followed by a detailed, well-researched, documented account of the chain of Franciscan missions in California started by Spanish friar Junipero Serra in 1769. Under Serra’s leadership California’s numerous small Indian tribes ...
What was the legacy of the coastal Indians?
The suffering they endured for more than 100 years was a legacy of the religious fanaticism, cruelty, and arrogance that began in 1769, directed by Franciscan friar Junipero Serra.”.
What did Neve believe?
He writes that Neve “believed that all human beings, including Indians, had basic rights that could not be denied. One of those rights was personal freedom, something that Serra simply could not condone. Men like Neve believed that religion was neither sacrosanct nor necessary to guarantee a moral society.
When did the Missions of Mexico end?
Not long after Mexico’s independence was won in the 1820s, the missions were finally abolished in the 1830s, 65 years after their beginning. But the damage to the Indians was nearly complete and irreversible, their numbers decimated by both Spanish brutality and their lack of immunity to European diseases. Mexican rule was not much better than Spanish rule. And when California was incorporated into the US at the end of the Mexican War conditions for what remained of the Indians were not much better. To this day California’s Indians have yet to see anything resembling justice.
Who is the founder of the Red Cross?
Starr King was also the founder of the US Sanitary Commission, the predecessor of the Red Cross. A number of schools, streets, and mountains in California are named after him. “In 2009 Starr King ’s statue was replaced by one of Ronald Reagan. Many Californians now would like to replace Serra’s statue.
Did Serra's mission hurt Indians?
Many Native Americans and others, on hearing of the impending canonization, expressed dismay, pointing out that Serra’s missions seriously mistreated California’s Indians. As Carol Pogash reported in the New York Times on January 22, ‘Indian historians and authors blame Father Serra for the suppression of their culture and ...
What were the Spanish missions in the Americas?
Spanish missions in the Americas. The Spanish missions in the Americas were Catholic missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th to 19th centuries in the period of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. These missions were scattered throughout the entirety of the Spanish colonies, which extended from Mexico ...
Why did the native population drop drastically with the introduction of Spanish missions?
Epidemics in missions. With resistance and revolts, the native population dropped drastically with the introduction of Spanish missions. However, the main factor for the overwhelming losses were due to epidemics in the missions.
What was the Patronato Real?
The Patronato Real, or Royal Patronage, was a series of papal bills constructed in the 15th and early 16th Century that set the secular relationship between the Spanish Crown and the Catholic Church , effectively pronouncing the Spanish King’s control over the Church in the Americas. It clarified the Crown’s responsibility to promote the conversion of the indigenous Americans to Catholicism, as well as total authority over the Church, educational, and charitable institutions. It authorized the Crown’s control over the Church’s tithe income, the tax levied on agricultural production and livestock, and the sustenance of the ecclesiastical hierarchies, physical facilities, and activities. It provided the Crown with the right to approve or veto Papel dispatches to the Americas, to ensure their adherence to the Patronato Real. It determined the founding of churches, convents, hospitals, and schools, as well as the appointment and payment of secular clergy.
Why did the clergy use indigenous religions?
Therefore, in many instances, the clergy used indigenous religions to gain trust and legitimacy. In fact, many members of the clergy learned indigenous languages so they could be more accessible and understandable to those wanted to convert. They even selected indigenous languages to be used as linga franca in areas that had linguistic diversity. In New Spain, which is modern-day Mexico and Central America, the friars taught Nahuatl to indigenous Americans who had not spoken it prior, as a way of establishing a common language. They translated hymns, prayers, and religious texts into Nahuatl to make Catholicism more widely spread and understood. The clergy in Peru used Quechua and Aymara in similar ways.
Why did the Catholic Church want to redeem the souls of the indigenous Americans?
Missionaries themselves were motivated by the desire to construct the Americas as the site of pure Christianity. Many clergy ventured to the Americas to preach what they felt was a purer form of Christianity, and to redeem the souls of the indigenous peoples.
Where were the Franciscan missionaries sent?
The Franciscan missionaries were split evenly and sent to Mexico, Texcoco, and Tlaxcala. In addition to their primary goal of spreading Christianity, the missionaries studied the native languages, taught children to read and write, and taught adults trades such as carpentry and ceramics.
How did missions help the Spanish Empire?
The missions facilitated the expansion of the Spanish empire through the religious conversion of the indigenous peoples occupying those areas. While the Spanish crown dominated the political, economic, and social realms of the Americas and people indigenous to the region, the Catholic Church dominated the religious and spiritual realm.