What is Citrobacter koseri in urine?
How do you get Citrobacter koseri in urine?
What is the best antibiotic for Citrobacter koseri?
How common is Citrobacter koseri in urine?
Can Citrobacter koseri be cured?
How serious is Citrobacter koseri?
Does Cipro treat Citrobacter?
What causes Citrobacter UTI?
What are the symptoms of Citrobacter koseri?
How do you treat Citrobacter?
Where does Citrobacter Koseri come from?
Does Citrobacter cause pneumonia?
What page is antibiotic resistance in Citrobacterspp. isolated from urinary tract infection?
See the article "Antibiotic resistance in Citrobacterspp. isolated from urinary tract infection" on page 312.
What is the third most common urinary pathogen?
The authors have conducted a retrospective study and have reported Citrobacterspp . as the third most common urinary pathogen accounting for 9.4% of the total isolates. The isolation of this organism was associated with catheterization, genitourinary instrumentation, or obstructive uropathy. Also, the age group most affected was that of elderly hospitalized patients, especially males. Their finding emphasizes the role of this organism as a common health care associated pathogen. Recently, a study conducted in Nepal also reported Citrobacterspp. as the second most common urinary pathogen in their study.[4]
Is Citrobacterspp a nosocomial?
Although Citrobacterspp. are less commonly isolated, they are emerging as a common nosocomial multidrug-resistant pathogen, especially in developing countries. UTI caused by Citrobacterspp. have been seen in 12% patients in 1961, and since then, its prevalence has been increasing.[5] Invasive procedures like catheterization or genitourinary instrumentation seem to assist the organism in colonization and infection of urinary tract. Another matter of concern is the emergence of multidrug-resistant Citrobacterspp., resulting in reduced therapeutic options which further complicate the situation. The author also reported that most of the isolates were resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, which are the commonly prescribed drugs in UTI. Resistance to many groups of antibiotics has been observed and many mechanisms of drug resistance have been demonstrated in Citrobacterspp. In a study concluded by Shobha et al., Citrobacterspp. was the third most common urinary pathogen and 30% of the isolates were extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producers.[6] Meher Rizvi et al. reported that 62.2% of Citrobacterisolates were producing ESBL.[7] High level carbapenem resistance was also reported in C. freundiidue to combination of Klebsiella pneumoniaecarbapenemase-2 (KPC-2) production and decreased porin expression.[8] Carbapenems are important antibiotics for the treatment of health care associated infections and have a special role in treating infection with ESBL-producing organisms. The emergence and spread of resistance to carbapenems will end all the treatment options available for treating multidrug-resistant pathogens.
What antibiotics are used for C. koseri?
Various types of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides carbapenems, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol and quinolones, are used for the treatment of C. koseri infections. The rational choice of antimicrobial therapy for Citrobacter infections is a challenge for clinicians because there is a sustained increase in antibacterial resistance.
Can neonates get C. koseri?
Neonates and other immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to infection from C. koseri. Any infection due to C. koseri mandates antimicrobial therapy based on the sensitivity of the pathogen microorganism. Various …. Low virulent Citrobacter koseri can cause life threatening infections. Neonates and other immunocompromised patients ...
Can Citrobacter Koseri cause life threatening infections?
Low virulent Citrobacter koseri can cause life threatening infections. Neonates and other immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to infection from C. koseri. Any infection due to C. koseri mandates antimicrobial therapy based on the sensitivity of the pathogen microorganism. Various types of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides ...
How to treat UTI?
UTI: You treat UTI with antibiotics, stay hydrated, and if recurs get urine culture to determine causative agent and its sensitivity to specific drugs. Go... Read More
Is UTI a pathogen?
UTI: Yes. This would be an uncommon pathogen, but could certainly occur.
Can you use clarithromycin for sinus infections?
No: Klarycid or Clarithromycin is used to treat upper respiratory and sinus infections. It is not effective for the bacteria usually found in utis and wo... Read More
Can you get a UTI after biking?
UTI: You can develop UTI after biking if there was swelling of the outlet to the the bladder due to trauma. Citrobacter species are similar in many ways to ... Read More
What is the pathogenesis of Citrobacter koseri?
The pathogenesis of Citrobacter infections has not been characterized fully. Most C. koseri isolates produce hemolysins, are piliated, and are resistant to killing by pooled human sera. Tropism for the central nervous system may be due to specific outer membrane proteins. In one study, 79% of strains of C. koseri isolated from CSF had a unique 32-kd outer-membrane protein, which was found in only 9% of isolates from other kinds of specimens. 6 Citrobacter koseri also has the ability to enter macrophages, survive phago-lysosomal fusion, and replicate intracellularly. These infected macrophages then infiltrate blood vessels in the brain, which may be one of the main mechanisms of infecting brain microvascular endothelial cells, thus starting the process leading to brain abscess. 5,7,8
Where is Citrobacter cultured?
The urinary tract is the most frequent site from which Citrobacter is cultured, often in association with an indwelling catheter. These bacteria may also be cultured from the respiratory tract, a finding that more often represents colonization than symptomatic infection.
What is the genus of a gram negative bacillus?
Organisms of the genus Citrobacter are gram-negative bacilli that are occasional inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract and are responsible for disease in neonates and debilitated or immunocompromised patients. The genus has undergone frequent changes in nomenclature, making it difficult to relate the types identified in reports of newborn disease over the years. In 1990, Citrobacter koseri replaced Citrobacter diversus [ 147 ]. For the purposes of this chapter, C. koseri replaces C. diversus, even though the original article may refer to the latter name.
What is the name of the species of Citrobacter?
Citrobacter Species. Members of the genus Citrobacter are named for their ability to use citrate as their sole carbon source. Of the dozen species, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri (formerly Citrobacter diversus ), and Citrobacter amalonaticus are linked to human disease.
How many species are in the genus Citrobacter?
The genus Citrobacter has undergone significant taxonomic revision through the use of newer techniques based on DNA relatedness. The genus now contains 11 named species: Citrobacter freundii, C. koseri, C. amalonaticus, C. youngae, C. farmeri, C. braakii, C. werkmanii, C. sedlakii, C. gillenii, C. murliniae, and C. rodentium.1–5 Citrobacter koseri has replaced the taxon formerly known as Citrobacter diversus, and Citrobacter farmeri is the new taxon assigned to the former Citrobacter amalonaticus biogroup 1. All species except C. rodentium have been recovered from human clinical sources (some rarely) including blood and other normally sterile body sites, wounds, respiratory and urinary tract; however, C. freundii and C. koseri are the most important human pathogens. C. freundii, C. koseri, and C. amalonaticus appear to be distinct organisms; however, only C. koseri appears to be genetically homogeneous. Several other named species form a closely related group and are difficult to differentiate biochemically; they are sometimes referred to as C. freundii -complex organisms.
How can Citrobacter spp. be transmitted?
occur most commonly in neonates. 9,10 Organisms can be transmitted by vertical transmission from mothers or by nosocomial spread. Direct mother-to-infant transmission has been confirmed by ribotyping and DNA fingerprinting. 11,12 It is likely that individual strains of Citrobacter spp. circulating in the community periodically gain access to a hospital nursery from the hands of nursery personnel and visitors. 13 One nursery outbreak of C. freundii was traced to contaminated infant formula. 14 Outbreaks in nursery settings can last for months or years and appear to be best controlled by cohorting of patients and personnel.
What are the characteristics of Citrobacter?
Members of the genus Citrobacter share all the general properties and biochemical characteristics of the family Enterobacteriaceae, including the following: gram-negative rod, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, growth on MacConkey agar, reduction of nitrate to nitrite, growth both aerobically and anaerobically, and fermentation of glucose and other carbohydrates. Most isolates are motile and utilize citrate as a sole carbon source, but lack urease and lysine decarboxylase activity; production of hydrogen sulfide is variable, occurring with C. freundii and a few other species. On salmonella-shigella agar, lactose-negative/hydrogen-sulfide positive isolates of Citrobacter spp. produce black colonies resembling Salmonella spp. The lysine decarboxylase reaction allows for separation of the hydrogen sulfide-producing isolates of Citrobacter spp. from Salmonella spp.1–5 Select isolates of C. freundii have “O” (somatic) cell wall antigens closely related to the O antigens of Salmonella spp. and thus cross-react with Salmonella typing antisera. 5 In addition, rare isolates of C. freundii and C. braakii cross-react with some commercial Escherichia coli O157 typing antisera. 5 For this reason, it is always prudent to confirm the identification of suspected Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157 by the use of both biochemical and serologic methods. Although biochemical identification of the newer species can be accomplished through the use of conventional tests, most commercial identification systems do not include all species in their databases. This limitation hampers the correlation of the newer species with human disease.
What is the treatment for Citrobacter freundii?
Citrobacter freundii infection is usually treated with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones, carbapenems and cephalosporins. The treatment plan depends up on the vulnerability of the microbe to the antibiotics and the site of the infection.
Where are Citrobacter found?
Citrobacter species are commonly found in water, soil, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many Citrobacter infections are nosocomially acquired; however, they can also be community acquired. A large surveillance study demonstrated that 0.8% of Gram-negative infection was caused by Citrobacter spp.
What is the third most common infection in humans?
Urinary tract infection ( UTI) is the third most common infection experienced by humans after respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Bacteria belonging to genera Citrobacter are emerging pathogens causing gastroenteritis, neonatal meningitis, septicemia, brain abscess including UTIs. Click to see full answer.
Is Citrobacter gram negative?
Citrobacter organisms are enteric gram-negative rods that are closely related to Salmonella organisms. In humans, Citrobacter species are most often reported as a cause of meningitis in the neonate. Most cases are sporadic, although outbreaks have been described.
Is Citrobacter freundii a pathogen?
As an opportunistic pathogen, Citrobacter freundii is often the cause of significant opportunistic infections, meaning that it does not generally cause disease in healthy human hosts. They only affect patients with a weak immune system, signifying that they need an "opportunity" to infect the person [2].
