which of the following treatment modalities constitute a cure for diabetes mellitus?

What is the best treatment for diabetes mellitus?

What methods are used to treat diabetes?

What treatment and support is available for diabetes?

What is insulin treatment for diabetes?

Diabetes Treatment: Lowering Blood Sugar

Several classes of type 2 diabetes medicines exist. Each class of medicine works in different ways to lower blood sugar. A drug may work by: 1. Sti...

Compare Diabetes Medications

Here's an at-a-glance comparison of common diabetes medications. More medications are available depending on your needs and situation. Ask your doc...

How to Choose Your Diabetes Medication

No single diabetes treatment is best for everyone, and what works for one person may not work for another. Your doctor can determine how a specific...

What is the goal of diabetes management?

Treatments. The goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as safely possible. Since diabetes may greatly increase risk for heart disease and peripheral artery disease, measures to control blood pressure and cholesterol levels are an essential part of diabetes treatment as well.

What is the responsibility of a diabetic?

This includes monitoring blood glucose levels, dietary management, maintaining physical activity, keeping weight and stress under control, monitoring oral medications and, if required, insulin use via injections or pump.

How do oral diabetes medications work?

These include improve the effectiveness of the body's natural insulin, reduce blood sugar production, increase insulin production and inhibit blood sugar absorption. Oral diabetes medications are sometimes taken in combination with insulin.

How to reduce blood sugar levels at UCSF?

Dietary Management and Physical Activity. Modifying eating habits and increasing physical activity are typically the first steps toward reducing blood sugar levels. At UCSF Medical Center, all patients work with their doctor and certified dietician to develop a dietary plan.

What is insulin pump?

Using an insulin pump is an alternative to injections. The pump is about the size of a pager and is usually worn on your belt. Insulin is delivered through a small tube (catheter) that is placed under the skin (usually in the abdomen). There are four major types of insulin: Rapid-acting. Short-acting.

How many types of insulin are there?

There are four major types of insulin:

What are the best ways to manage type 2 diabetes?

Healthy lifestyle choices — including diet, exercise and weight control — provide the foundation for managing type 2 diabetes. However, you may need medications to achieve target blood sugar (glucose) levels. Sometimes a single medication is effective. In other cases, a combination of medications works better.

How does diabetes medicine work?

Each class of medicine works in different ways to lower blood sugar. A drug may work by: Stimulating the pancreas to produce and release more insulin. Inhibiting the production and release of glucose from the liver.

Is diabetes a single treatment?

No single diabetes treatment is best for everyone, and what works for one person may not work for another. Your doctor can determine how a specific medication or multiple medications may fit into your overall diabetes treatment plan and help you understand the advantages and disadvantages of specific diabetes drugs. Oct. 24, 2020.

Is it better to take a single medication or a combination?

Sometimes a single medication is effective. In other cases, a combination of medications works better. The list of medications for type 2 diabetes is long and potentially confusing. Learning about these drugs — how they're taken, what they do and what side effects they may cause — will help you discuss treatment options with your doctor.

Does lowering cholesterol help with diabetes?

Lower cholesterol and have a very modest effect in lowering blood glucose when used in combination with other diabetes medications

What is the therapeutic focus of diabetes mellitus?

In patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), the therapeutic focus is on preventing complications caused by hyperglycemia. In the United States, 57.9% of patients with diabetes have 1 or more diabetes-related complications and 14.3% have 3 or more. 1 Strict control of glycemia within the established recommended values is the primary method for reducing the development and progression of many complications associated with microvascular effects of diabetes (eg, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy). Aggressive treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension focuses on decreasing the cardiovascular complications associated with macrovascular effects. The positive outcomes from adequate glycemic control on microvascular and macrovascular complications have been established in large well-controlled trials. 2-5 See the chapter on diabetes: Macro- and microvascular effects.

What are the two primary techniques used to assess a patient's glycemic control?

Two primary techniques are used to assess a patient’s glycemic control: Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and serum measurement of hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ).

Why is glycemic control important?

Glycemic control is crucial for preventing microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Type 2 DM is a progressive disease and requires therapy intensification with time. Insulin sensitizers and incretin-based therapy should be used early in the course of type 2 DM.

How does sulfonylurea affect glucose?

Sulfonylureas lower fasting and postprandial glucose levels. Many products are available, both first generation and second generation. The main adverse effects are weight gain (about 2 kg a few months after initiation) and hypoglycemia. Some hypoglycemia episodes can be significant, leading to a need for medical care, coma, or seizure, and occur more often in the elderly. Benefits include a 25% reduction in microvascular complications with or without insulin, as noted in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). 3 Dosing is typically once or twice daily. Caution should be used in patients with liver or kidney dysfunction or in those who often skip meals.

What is the best way to reduce glycemic load?

Insulin sensiti zers reduce glycemic load primarily by improving insulin actions in peripheral tissues. Two classes of these oral hypoglycemic drugs are available: biguanides and thiazolidinediones. They have been shown in clinical use to have positive, durable effects in the treatment of diabetes.

When was insulin first used?

Insulin was the first treatment for diabetes. It was discovered in 1921, and clinical testing in humans started in 1922. Insulin therapy helps regulate glucose metabolism and is the most effective method of reducing hyperglycemia. There is no upper limit in dosing for therapeutic effect, so it can be used to reduce any elevated HbA 1c level. It also reduces triglycerides and increases HDL. 8, 14

How much insulin is needed for type 2 diabetes?

Table 7 lists the initial dose and titration of insulin therapy for type 2 DM. The starting daily insulin dose is typically 0.5 U/kg total, divided between long-acting and rapid-acting. Therapy can be combined with oral insulin sensitizers but not secretagogues.

What are the goals of diabetes treatment?

Goals Of Diabetes Treatment. To keep the blood sugar as normal as possible without serious high or low blood sugars. To prevent tissue damage caused by too much sugar in the blood stream.

What is the ultimate goal for Type 1 diabetes?

What are the blood sugar (glucose) targets for diabetes? The ultimate treatment goal for Type 1 diabetes is to re-create normal (non-diabetic) or NEARLY normal blood sugar levels – without causing low blood sugars. Good blood sugar control requires that you know and understand a few general numbers.

What is the blood sugar level for insulin?

To minimize this risk, many providers will recommend that individuals treated with insulin target a pre-meal blood sugar (plasma glucose) of 90-130 mg/dl and post meal blood sugar (plasma glucose) of less than 180 mg/dl.

What is the goal of insulin replacement therapy?

The goal is to replace the insulin in the right amount and at the right time. Sometimes, more insulin than needed is taken and this will cause hypoglycemia.

Is diabetes type 1 or type 2?

Of course, these are general standards for everyone with diabetes – both type 1 as well as type 2. Ask your diabetes team for personalized goals and blood sugar (blood glucose) monitoring schedules. For example: When you have type 1 diabetes you are treated with insulin replacement therapy. The goal is to replace the insulin in ...

What is regular insulin?

Regular insulin is a short-acting insulin that manages the hyperglycemia and hyperkalemia of DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis), which is a life-threatening complication that occurs with severe insulin deficiency. Humulin N, Humulin L, and NPH are intermediate-acting insulins

How many meals are included in insulin injections?

food intake synchronized w/insulin injections and usually involves three meals and three snacks, all at regular schedule times.

What is exenatide used for?

Exenatide is an incretin mimetic, which increases insulin release, decreases glucagon release, stimulates the satiety center, and slows GI emptying.

What are the signs of hypoglycemia?

Diaphoresis and cool, clammy skin are signs of hypoglycemia. A fruity breath is seen with ketoacidosis. Flushing of the face is associated with hyperglycemia

How long can you keep a vial of a sulfate solution in the refrigerator?

opened vials can be kept in the refridgerator or at room temp for up to 28 days.

Is sub-Q insulin safe?

Sub-Q regular insulin in most situations, but safe usage requires both health care providers and patients to be aware of differences.

Is NPH a long term or short term treatment?

long- term insulin therapy. For many patients, a combination of NPH and a short-acting insulin provides more consistent control of blood glucose levels. Although several regimens are used, a common one is a mixture of regular and NPH insulin administered before the morning and evening meals. A commercial mixture is more convenient and probably more accurate than a mixture prepared by a patient or caregiver, if the proportions of insulinsvare appropriate for the patient.

Why is insulin IV administered?

IV administration of insulin is preferred because it provides more predictable absorption than subcutaneous injections. Only regular insulin is administered IV. A nurse is assigned to administer glargine to a patient at a health care facility.

How many meals are included in insulin injections?

food intake synchronized w/insulin injections and usually involves three meals and three snacks, all at regular schedule times.

What is exenatide used for?

Exenatide is an incretin mimetic, which increases insulin release, decreases glucagon release, stimulates the satiety center, and slows GI emptying.

What are the signs of hypoglycemia?

Diaphoresis and cool, clammy skin are signs of hypoglycemia. A fruity breath is seen with ketoacidosis. Flushing of the face is associated with hyperglycemia

Is sub-Q insulin safe?

Sub-Q regular insulin in most situations, but safe usage requires both health care providers and patients to be aware of differences.

What are the three main forms of diabetes?

chronic disease characterized by disordered metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein, and hyperglycemia, due to a deficiency in the amount on action of insulin; the three main forms of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes

Which hormone raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose?

pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose; it opposes insulin

What is metabolic acidosis?

metabolic acidosis due to accumulation of ketone bodies formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids for energy in the absence of insulin

What is a wearable delivery system?

wearable delivery system for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; the insulin dosage is programmed into the pump, and the appropriate amount of insulin is injected through a needle into the adipose tissue

What is the stimulus of insulin secretion?

sugar in the blood; major stimulus of insulin secretion

What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

A patient with type 2 diabetes calls the nurse to report the following symptoms: blood glucose of 378 mg/dL, excessive urination, and feelings of becoming drowsier. To determine a possible diagnosis, which of the following questions is most important?

Does the order of drawing up the two insulins into the syringe matter?

1. Understand that the order of drawing up the two insulins into the syringe does not matter.