What is the treatment for urolithiasis?
Aug 18, 2020 · Urolithiasis, a complex multifactorial disease, results from interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Epidemiological studies have shown the association of urolithiasis with a number of lifestyle-related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Is there a link between urolithiasis and lifestyle diseases?
Aug 18, 2016 · Epidemiological studies have shown the association of urolithiasis with a number of lifestyle-related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying urinary stone formation will enable development of new preventive treatments.
What are the tests for urolithiasis?
Treatment also depends on pts level of discomfort—varies depending on location of stone and degree of obstruction; follow general urologic guidelines below: 1. <1-5mm and good pain control—observe. 2. 5-10mm with good pain control—pt/clinician choice. 3. 5-10mm with poor pain control—consider active stone removal.
Which medications are used in the treatment of cystine stone urolithiasis?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment strategy for gastroesophageal reflux disease? ... Which of the following statements about jaundice is/are true? 1. It is often the first manifestation of hepatitis. ... Common causes of urolithiasis include all of …
What are the factors that contribute to urolithiasis?
Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease resulting from complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors, such as lifestyle, obesity, dietary habits and dehydration, have been implicated in urolithiasis development, 6, 7 whereas hormonal, genetic or anatomical factors might also influence its pathogenesis. 8.
What is urolithiasis related to?
Epidemiological studies have shown the association of urolithiasis with a number of lifestyle- related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
What causes renal stones?
More than 80% of patients with renal stones suffer from urolithiasis caused by calcium oxalate. 1 Although urolithiasis is a disease known from ancient times, even now, many researchers are attempting to elucidate the mechanism of calcium oxalate renal stone formation.
What are the common features of urolithiasis and atherosclerosis?
There are many common features between urolithiasis and atherosclerosis. OPN, calcium and phosphate acid are commonly regarded as the components of calcification. 48 Both diseases develop at the highest frequency in middle-aged and elderly males, and postmenopausal females, 49 - 52 and both involve macrophages and cytokines as inducers. 53 As the incidence of urinary stones is high in developed countries, Westernized diets have been implicated as the main cause; 1 however, we recently showed that administration of animal protein to rats did not cause urinary stones, although metabolic acidosis occurred and urinary calcium excretion increased. Thus, we considered that excess ingestion of cholesterol, the main cause of atherosclerosis, could be the cause of urinary stones. When rats were fed a 3% cholesterol-loaded diet, OPN mRNA levels in renal tubular cells and kidney increased, followed by urinary stone formation. 54 In addition, administration of EPA, used to treat atherosclerosis, reduced OPN levels, and inhibited stone formation in both humans and rats. 55 - 57 The mechanism of this cholesterol load-induced OPN increase and subsequent stone formation has not been clarified. It has been assumed that excess cholesterol ingestion causes binding of intestinal bile acid to cholesterol; this process frees oxalic acid and increases its absorption from the intestine, resulting in an increase in urinary oxalic acid excretion. An increase in oxalic acid levels is considered one of the mechanisms of excess cholesterol ingestion-induced stone formation. 54, 58, 59
What is a GWAS?
GWAS represent a fundamental advance for genetic research, but require specific bioinformatics software for data analysis and a large number of patients to maintain statistical power. 73 Despite their importance, GWAS findings often explain a small proportion of the causes of complex non-Mendelian diseases. 74.
What is the best treatment for urolithiasis?
There is no drug treatment for urolithiasis, but some medications may provide pain relief. Alpha-blockers, such as tamsulosin, and the combination of dutasteride and tamsulosin relax the muscles of the ureter, helping the patient pass the stone more quickly with less pain.
What is the pathogenesis of urolithiasis?
The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is a complex biochemical process that is not fully understood. The formation of kidney stones is a biological process encompassing physicochemical changes and urine supersaturation. Supersaturation causes solutes to precipitate in urine, leading to nucleation and the formation of crystal concretions.
What is the most common form of kidney stones?
The most common form of kidney stone is calcium oxalate (CaOx) on the renal papillary surface. 1,2.
What are the factors that contribute to uriolithiasis?
Etiology. Urolithiasis is a complex, multifactorial process involving intrinsic factors (e.g., age, sex, heredity) and extrinsic factors (e.g., geography, climate, diet [i.e., oxalate-rich foods], mineral composition, water intake). Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen, groin, or back.
What is the cause of stone formation?
Stone development is related to decreased volume of urine or increased excretion of components such as calcium, urate, cystine, oxalate, phosphate, and xanthine. The calculi, which form in the urine-collecting area of the kidneys, range in size from tiny to as large as the renal pelvis.
What are the different types of kidney stones?
Kidney stones are typically classified into the following five types according to differences in mineral composition and pathogenesis 1,2,4: CaOx: Calcium stones, which account for roughly 80% of all urinary stones, consist of pure CaOx (50%), calcium phosphate (5%), or a combination of these (45%). The chief component of calcium stones is calcium ...
Does urine contain crystals?
In a healthy person, urine contains chemicals that prevent crystal formation . Inhibitors of stone formation reduce the initiation of supersaturation, nucleation, crystal growth, aggregation rate, and other processes necessary for formation.
Etiology
Chemical Composition
- Abnormalities in the urine composition of a number of different chemicals are responsible for the chemical composition of kidney stones. The size, shape, and chemical composition of stones are varied. Kidney stones are typically classified into the following five types according to differences in mineral composition and pathogenesis1,2,4: CaOx: Calcium stones, which account for roughl…
Mechanism and Risk Factors
- The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is a complex biochemical process that is not fully understood. The formation of kidney stones is a biological process encompassing physicochemical changes and urine supersaturation. Supersaturation causes solutes to precipitate in urine, leading to nucleation and the formation of crystal concretions. The transformation from liquid to solid is af…
Factors Influencing Kidney Stone Characteristics
- In a healthy person, urine contains chemicals that prevent crystal formation. Inhibitors of stone formation reduce the initiation of supersaturation, nucleation, crystal growth, aggregation rate, and other processes necessary for formation. Types of inhibitors are small organic anions (e.g., citrate), small inorganic anions (e.g., pyrophosphates), multivalent metallic cations (e.g., magne…
Prevention and Treatment
- For effective prevention, it is necessary to address the reason for stone formation. Generally, prevention of the first and second episodes of urolithiasis requires proper diet as well as medication use. Nutritional management is the optimal preventive strategy for kidney stones.2 Patients should increase their intake of water and other liquids sufficiently to achieve a daily urin…