Are Swazis no longer able to deal with their problems effectively?
Some Swazis complain that they are no longer able to deal effectively with their problems because traditional “witchfinding” is legally prohibited, thus freeing perceived social miscreants to behave as they please.
What is Swazis disease theory?
Swazis believe that most serious diseases do not simply happen: they are created and sent by a person of ill will.
What is the role of a Swazi healer?
Religious Practitioners. Swazi practitioners of traditional religious beliefs articulate belief systems and link the spirit and human worlds. Their primary role, as healers, is to identify and correct the imbalances between these worlds, imbalances that lead to human misfortunes and illnesses.
What are the biggest problems in Swaziland?
In present-day Swaziland, various social and economic changes, including altered sex roles, increased job competition, labor migration, and the growth of an educated elite class, have produced new problems. These problems include, for example, an increase in crime and alcoholism-particularly in the outskirts of urban areas.
What are the rights of the Swazi people?
Land Tenure. Land-access rights in Swazi areas (as opposed to freehold areas established by the colonial land partition of 1907) are held by the community as a whole, and the king, representing the entire Swazi nation, is responsible for its allotment to chiefs. The chiefs, in their turn, distribute land to homestead heads. Swazi citizens can pledge allegiance to a chief and rulers and thereby obtain rights to land according to four acquisition methods: kukhonta (direct grant by the chief), kubekwa (direct grant by another individual), inheritance, and kuboleka umhlaba (being "lent" land by another individual). Rose (1992) has maintained that land disputes commonly center around problems of use rights, boundaries, cattle trespass, inheritance, natural-resource ownership and management, or chiefly legitimacy and territorial jurisdiction. In the late twentieth century land disputes have intensified or become more frequent, as populations have expanded or migrated toward employment centers. New varieties of disputes, often in association with development projects (e.g., construction of buildings, roads, or dams) have arisen.
Who edited the book The Integration of Modern and Traditional Health Sectors in Swaziland?
Green, E. C. (1987). "The Integration of Modern and Traditional Health Sectors in Swaziland." In Anthropological Praxis, edited by R. Wulff and S. Fiske, 87-97. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
What is the history of Swaziland?
Swazi history dates back to the late sixteenth century, when the first Swazi King, Ngwane II, settled southeast of modernday Swaziland. His grandson Sobhuza I established a permanent capital and drew within a centralized political system the resident Nguni and Sotho people. During the mid-nineteenth century, Sobhuza's heir, Mswati II, from whom the Swazis derive their name, expanded the Swazi nation to an area much larger than modern Swaziland. Mswati established contact with the British. By the late nineteenth century, Mswati's successor, Mbandzeni, granted Europeans land concessions for grazing and prospecting, thus unwittingly giving rise to serious, prolonged conflicts regarding land-usage rights. In 1894 the Boer and British powers granted the South African Boer Republic of the Transvaal control over Swaziland. After the Anglo- Boer War (1899-1902), Britain made Swaziland a protectorate. The Partitions Proclamation of 1907 confirmed the concessionaires control of two-thirds of the land, which was contested in 1922 by King Sobhuza II. Today the Swazi nation controls about two-thirds of the land area (see " Land Tenure "). Swaziland became independent in 1968.
What is the Swazi homestead?
The ordinary Swazi derives rights to land access and use by virtue of his/her residence or membership in a particular homestead ( umuti ). According to Hilda Kuper and Brian Marwick, the homestead is patriarchal, with a male homestead head ( umnumzana ) assuming primary powers, but the position of the main wife is important in family life. The homestead head determines resource allocation such as land distribution, makes major decisions regarding both production (plowing and types of crops grown) and economic expenditures, and mobilizes homestead labor.
What is the Swazi identity?
Demography. Swazi identity is based on allegiance to a dual monarchy, headed by a hereditary king, titled by his people ingwenyama (lion), and a queen mother, indlovukati (Lady Elephant). Ethnic Swazis living in the Republic of South Africa and in Mozambique are not under their effective political control, however. Within Swaziland, the population (the great majority of which is Swazi) was estimated at 860,000 in 1992, with an annual growth rate of about 3.4 percent. Most Swazis live in rural homesteads, but, in the middle veld, where nearly one-half of the Swazi population resides, rural homesteads are interspersed with densely populated settlements around employment centers. The two major cities are Mbabane and Manzini.
How did the Swaziland hierarchy work?
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the dominant Dlamini clan created a hierarchy of control by amalgamating and ranking through conquest, treaty, and peaceful incorporation over seventy disparate, equal clans under a hereditary monarchy. The Swazi hierarchical ranking system came to consist of several units: the polygynous patriarchal family, the hierarchy of clans and lineages, the dual monarchy, the age grades, and the groups of specialists. The stability of the ruling elite's control was achieved through a balance of power among the king, his mother, princes, and commoners, as well as between the dual monarchy and the chiefs. Moreover, Swazi hierarchy harmoniously blended authoritarian political privileges of birth with egalitarian participation in age classes and councils. With the coming of Europeans in the late nineteenth century, the traditional hierarchy was forced to compete with a new, colonial administrative hierarchy that was based upon race and oriented toward the accumulation of wealth. After Swaziland achieved independence in 1968, a complex administrative system was fused together from parts of the dual hierarchy (see "Political Organization"). Currently, traditional hierarchical arrangements are most threatened by the developing class system that found root in the economic and social changes of the colonial period.
What is the name of the family that is at the center of each Swazi homestead?
Kin Groups and Descent. At the center of each Swazi homestead is the biological family, extended through classificatory kinship to maternal and paternal groups, the largest of which is the clan. The clan, as the farthest extension of kinship, contains a number of lineages in which direct descent can be genealogically traced over three to eight generations. The exogamous patrilineal clan ( sibongo ), with members usually residing in the same locality ( sifundza ), is the fundamental unit of Swazi social organization.
What approach do medical anthropologists use to study medical ecology?
Medical anthropologists use an interpretivist approach to study medical ecology. Which of the following is the definition of medical ecology?
What is critical medical anthropology?
Critical medical anthropology analyzes how systems of power affect health care. What is an example of what critical medical anthropologists study?
Who reported a case of a woman under tremendous personal stress?
Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Margaret Lock reported a case of a woman under tremendous personal stress. How did the medical students respond to the story?
What are the factors that contribute to good health?
While conventional American wisdom attributes good health to good nutrition, exercise, sleep, proper sanitation, and avoiding smoking, medical anthropologists consider many other factors when looking at health. What is one critical aspect of health that is often overlooked?
What is holistic approach in medical anthropology?
medical anthropology holistic approach. health is a product of environment. health (book) the absence of disease and infinity , as well as the presence of physical, mental, and social wellbeing. disease (book) A discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional.
What is traditional Chinese medicine?
a practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting health. traditional Chinese medicine. -individual's qi must be balanced and flowing. -acupuncture.
What is ethnopharmacology?
Ethnopharmacology is a subdiscipline in the field of ethnomedicine. Identify what someone within the ethnopharmacology field might do during their research. document the types of herbs and teas present in a traditional Chinese pharmacy. interview amchis on what plants they use in their healing remedies.
Who was the first person to study the spread of Kuru?
Early medical anthropologist Shirley Lindenbaum researched the spread of the kuru disease among the South Fore people of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, a disease that had become an epidemic by the 1960s. Lindenbaum's work helped to identify the cause for the rapid spread of the disease as well as ways to address and eliminate the problem. Identify the steps she took in researching kuru.
When did the health transition occur?
The health transition occurred in the twentieth century and has had a dramatic effect on health care in many countries worldwide. Identify the effects of the health transition.
Who studied the health care that pregnant women on Medicaid received at a large hospital in New York City?
Anthropologist Khiara Bridges studied the health care that pregnant women on Medicaid received at a large hospital in New York City. While the patients are mostly black, the doctors working at the hospital are mostly white.
What is the human microbiome?
The human microbiome refers to the many microorganisms that live within an individual's body. Identify which of the following concepts is refuted by the existence of the human microbiome. the body as a discrete entity .
What is the term for a disorder that develops slowly over time?
a. major neurocognitive disorder symptoms develop slowly over time, and delirium symptoms develop quickly.
Does apo E4 affect Alzheimer's?
increases the risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease , but does not relate to the age of onset.
Who edited the book The Integration of Modern and Traditional Health Sectors in Swaziland?
Green, E. C. “The Integration of Modern and Traditional Health Sectors in Swaziland.” In Anthropological Praxis, edited by R. Wulff and S. Fiske. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987.
Why are the Swazis so rich?
Swazi oral historical tradition is arguably the richest still existing in southern Africa. The reason largely lies in the fact that the Swazis' political structure was not disrupted following colonial rule to the same degree as were the structures of other southern African kingdoms. Elder Swazis still recount rich histories of their forebears—numerous conquering kings and chiefs—dating back several centuries. The first king, Ngwane II, who led his followers from their home on the east coast and moved inland, is commemorated in one of many royal praise-songs, “Nkosi Dlamini—You scourged the Lebombo in your flight.”
What do Swazi boys do?
During childhood, young Swazi boys play and run errands around rural homesteads until they are old enough to accompany their age-mates to the fields with the cattle herds. Young Swazi girls play and help their mothers with minor domestic chores and child care. Fathers may play a small role in child rearing—especially if they are employed at distant locations within Swaziland or in South Africa.
What religion is Swaziland?
The Methodists established the first Christian mission in Swaziland. Currently, many Christian sects are present in the country, ranging from the more eclectic Catholics to the more rigid Afrikaner Calvinists. Although the statistical breakdown of adherents to different religions varies in different accounts, it is probably reasonable to state that the population is approximately 35% Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic, 30% Zionist (indigenous Christianity), and 10% Islamic or other beliefs. The majority of Swazis are registered as Christian, but it should be noted that most Swazis also follow traditional beliefs. Moreover, as the statistics above indicate, a significant number of Christian converts belong to Zionist churches, which practice a flexible dogma and great tolerance of custom.
Why do Swazi women sing together?
Swazi women sing together as they work in groups on tasks such as digging or weeding, and men sing together as they pay tribute to their chiefs or past and present kings. Celebrants also perform special songs at weddings, royal rituals, coming-of-age ceremonies, and national Independence Day festivities. Swazi praise-poets have long been known throughout southern Africa. They compose praise-poems for kings, chiefs, and prominent persons.
What is the significance of the Incwala?
The central figure is the king, who alone can authorize its performance. The Incwala reflects the growth of the king, and his subjects play parts determined by their status, primarily rank and gender. Before this ceremony (which is sometimes described as a “ first fruits ceremony” or a “ritual of rebellion”) can be performed during a three-week period each year, considerable organizational and preparatory activities must be undertaken. For example, water and sacred plants are collected at distant points to strengthen and purify the king. Thereafter, the oldest warrior regiment opens the Incwala. Sacred songs that are concerned with the important events of kingship (a king's marriage to his main ritual wife, the return of ancestral cattle from the royal grave, and the burial of kings) as well as dances are performed. Themes of fertility and potency predominate. Celebrants are adorned in striking clothing, including feathers of special birds and skins of wild animals. The Incwala symbolizes the unity of the state and attempts to reinforce it: it dramatizes power struggles between the king and the princes, or between the aristocrats and commoners, with the Swazi king ultimately triumphing. Other national royal rituals include the Reed Dance and rainmaking rites, while local rituals include funerals, marriages, and initiations.
What is the government of Swaziland?
Today, Swaziland's government is headed by a dual monarchy, consisting of Mswati III, the hereditary king and head of state who is titled Ingwenyama (Lion), and the queen mother who is titled Indlovukati (Lady Elephant). This traditional structure operates parallel to a “modern” (post-European contact) structure, consisting of the administrative head of government, i.e., the prime minister, and statutory bodies including a cabinet and a bicameral parliament, which enacts legislation subject to approval by the king. Swaziland did not have a Constitution after 1973; a Constitutional Review Commission (CRC) submitted proposals for a new Constitution to the King, and it was adopted in 2006.
How many Africans depend on traditional medicine?
According to the World Health Organization, 70–80% of Africans today depend either totally or partially on traditional or alternative medicine. This form of treatment, which is referred to as ethnomedicine, is sometimes the only kind of healthcare available to the rural population.
What is traditional medicine?
Traditional medicine (TM) is defined as “the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illnesses” [1].
What is a category 1 medicine?
Category 1: Traditional medicines that are prepared by a traditional health practitioner for an individual patient with fresh or dried raw materials, with a short shelf life. Category 2: Traditional medicines currently used in the community that are prepared in advance and composed of crude raw plant materials.
What is the Department of Traditional Medicine in Mali?
Traditional medicines in Mali have a high level of support from the government, and research and development in this area are managed under the Department for Traditional Medicine within the National Institute for Research on Public Health , which is part of the Ministry of Health.
Do nations have policies or regulations relating to all of the aspects of traditional medicine?
Nations typically have no policies or regulations relating to all of the aspects of traditional medicine as an integral part of their overall health care system. This results in a minimal commitment to research and development funding.
Does Ecklonia cava help with CKD?
Some plant extracts can be effective in the protection against CKD. Ecklonia cava has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, and its effect on renal damage of high fat diet induced obese mice has been investigated ( Eo et al., 2017 ). Natural agents that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects are expected to possess a renal protective effect. Treatment of obese mice with different doses of E. cava extract for 12 weeks lowered protein levels related to lipid accumulation (SREBP1c, ACC & FAS), inflammation (NLRP3 inflammasome, NFκB, MCP-1, TNF-α & CRP), and oxidative stress (Nrf2, HO-1, MnSOD, NQO1, GPx, 4-HNE and protein carbonyls). Moreover, this extract also significantly up-regulated renal SIRT1, PGC-1α, and AMPK, which are associated with renal energy metabolism ( Eo et al., 2017 ). These results provide novel insights into the anti-inflammatory roles of E. cava in obesity-induced renal inflammation.
Orientation
- Identification. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tribe, or ethnic group, or an individual, "siSwati" to the language. SiSwati speakers are found in Swaziland, South Africa, and Mozambique. Location. The Swazi reside in Swaziland, a small, landlocked country of 17,363 square kilometers, which is perched on the edge of the southern African escarpment. I...
History and Cultural Relations
- Swazi history dates back to the late sixteenth century, when the first Swazi King, Ngwane II, settled southeast of modernday Swaziland. His grandson Sobhuza I established a permanent capital and drew within a centralized political system the resident Nguni and Sotho people. During the mid-nineteenth century, Sobhuza's heir, Mswati II, from whom the Swazis derive their name, …
Settlements
- The ordinary Swazi derives rights to land access and use by virtue of his/her residence or membership in a particular homestead (umuti ). According to Hilda Kuper and Brian Marwick, the homestead is patriarchal, with a male homestead head (umnumzana) assuming primary powers, but the position of the main wife is important in family life. The homestead head determines res…
Economy
- Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Swazi homesteads focus on subsistence agricultural activities—primarily the cultivation of maize, sorghum, beans, groundnuts, and sweet potatoes. Maize had been essentially unknown until the mid-nineteenth century, at which time it was introduced and gradually replaced sorghum as the staple crop. Despite the importance of agricu…
Kinship
- Kin Groups and Descent. At the center of each Swazi homestead is the biological family, extended through classificatory kinship to maternal and paternal groups, the largest of which is the clan. The clan, as the farthest extension of kinship, contains a number of lineages in which direct descent can be genealogically traced over three to eight generations. The exogamous patrilinea…
Marriage and Family
- Marriage. Clan membership is important in regulating marriage and succession. Marriage with a person of one's own paternal clan is prohibited (although permissible for the king) but allowed with a woman of the maternal clan. At one time, a preferred form of marriage was the sororate, in which a man married his wife's sister, who became the subsidiary wife (inhlanti ). A woman retai…
Sociopolitical Organization
- Social Organization. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the dominant Dlamini clan created a hierarchy of control by amalgamating and ranking through conquest, treaty, and peaceful incorporation over seventy disparate, equal clans under a hereditary monarchy. The Swazi hierarchical ranking system came to consist of several units: the polygynous patriarchal f…
Religion and Expressive Culture
- Religious Beliefs.Adherents of traditional religion believe(d) in an aloof Supreme Being known as Mkhulumnqande, who fashioned the earth but who demands no sacrifices and is neither worshiped nor associated with the ancestral spirits. Swazi men play important roles in Swazi traditional religious life, offering sacrifices for the ancestral spirits, who are ranked, as are huma…
Bibliography
- Beidelman, T. O. (1966). "Swazi Royal Ritual." Africa36(4): 373-405. Bowen, Paul N. (1993). A Longing for Land: Tradition and Change in a Swazi Agricultural Community.Aldershot: Avebury, Ashgate. Gailey, Charles R. (1968). "Changes in the Social Stratification of the Swazi, 1936-1967." Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Africa. Gort, Enid (1987). Changing Traditional Medicine i…