which choice best expresses historical trends in the treatment of fetishism?

What are the best books on fetishism?

Fetishism is the process by which the commodity becomes such an object. 3,4 In this case, fetishism is the process by which an inanimate object such as toothpaste might become animated with meaning to come to serve our desires and needs. 5–8 The traditional Marxist perspective on concepts such as commodification, reification, and fetishism is ...

What is the dialectical critique of fetishism?

Fetishism: Overview Since the seventeenth century, thought about fetishism has been concerned with four overriding questions, all of them emerging in conflicts over representation that arose at the borders between cultural and historical worlds. These four questions concern the relationship between images and their referents in religious discourse; the attribution of causality and the …

What is the origin of fetishism?

Treatment of Fetishism: In cases of fetishism and other paraphilia where significant potential for negative consequences poses a concern, the need for long-term therapy and monitoring is important. In non-harmful mild cases of fetishism, when the fetish does not cause a major problem for the person or their partner, treatment may not be necessary.

What is the treatment for fetishism?

fetishism, in psychology, a form of sexual deviance involving erotic attachment to an inanimate object or an ordinarily asexual part of the human body. The term fetishism was actually borrowed from anthropological writings in which “fetish” (also spelled fetich) referred to a charm thought to contain magical or spiritual powers. Its influence on psychiatric usage is indicated by Sigmund ...

Which statement best expresses the relationship if any between fetishism and paraphilia?

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship, if any, between fetishism and paraphilia? Fetishism is one type of paraphilia.

Which statement best expresses the relationship between the terms hermaphrodite and intersex?

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the terms "hermaphrodite" and "intersex"? "Intersex" is a newer term replacing the older term "hermaphrodite."

What is the difference between intersex and hermaphrodite?

The main difference between hermaphrodite and intersex is that hermaphrodite is an organism possessing both types of gonads whereas intersex is an organism possessing several sex characteristics of both male and females such as chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones or genitals.

What are the characteristics of intersex?

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics (including genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns) that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. Intersex is an umbrella term used to describe a wide range of natural bodily variations.

Which of the following statements defines basic concepts?

Which of the following statements defines basic concepts? They are concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances. Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?

Which two senses keep us informed about the movement of our own body?

The skin is important not only in providing information about touch and temperature, but also in proprioception — the ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts.

Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? spontaneous recovery.

What is the dialectical critique of fetishism?

The dialectical critique of fetishism offers a metatheoretical critique of the ideological implications of bourgeois theories and methodologies of the social that, due to a lack of reflexivity on their context of genesis and application, legitimize the status quo. Dialecticians accept the limits of ‘hermeneutic idealism.’ When social relations have crystallized into a ‘second nature’ and social subsystems follow their own pseudonatural laws, ‘dehumanizing’ theories (e.g., functionalism, structuralism, systems theory) and methods (e.g., linear modeling, statistical regression) can and have to be applied. But if one does not want to fall prey to a ‘reification of the second order’ and give a ‘reified perception of the reifying’ (Adorno) that willy-nilly endorses the reality it registers, the observed facts have to be ‘mediated by the totality’ (Lukács 1923) and defetishized in such a way that the tension between the real and the possible, between what is and what could or should be, becomes perceptible within the facts themselves.

What is a fetish?

Fetishism is defined as having “recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).

Does aversion relief help thumbsucking?

These findings suggest that aversion relief may be of little value in reducing thumbsucking. However, the parents in the aversion relief therapy were only instructed by phone, whereas the therapist saw the habit reversal children and their parents in a single session.

What is the transcendence of capitalism?

The transcendence of capitalism by socialism and, eventually, communism, was then posited as the simple negation of these features, an implicit and undefended theoretical utopia which simply eliminated all the moral deficits of capitalism: a society without alienation, exploitation, fetishism, and the rest.

Is covert sensitization a primary treatment?

Thus, conclusions with respect to covert sensitization as a primary form of treatment are not warranted. A number of studies have been reported that used covert sensitization to reduce deviant sexual interest, primarily exhibitionists.

Is aversion relief effective?

Most of the studies attesting to the effectiveness of aversion relief as a principal treatment have been uncontrolled case studies. Procedures based on aversion relief have been successfully applied in specific phobias, obsessive compulsive behaviors, obesity, aphonia, torticollis, writing cramp, transvestism, fetishism, and other deviant sexual interests. Results with thumbsucking are not always positive. Nathan Azrin and his co-workers compared aversion relief therapy (using a bitter-tasting substance) with habit reversal in 32 children with thumbsucking. At three-month followup, 47% of the habit-reversal children had stopped thumbsucking, compared to 10% of the aversion relief children. These findings suggest that aversion relief may be of little value in reducing thumbsucking. However, the parents in the aversion relief therapy were only instructed by phone, whereas the therapist saw the habit reversal children and their parents in a single session. Given this methodological flaw, the results must be viewed with caution.

Is aversion relief effective for obsessive compulsive patients?

Although some uncontrolled case studies suggest that aversion relief may be of some value in patients with obsessive-compulsive rituals and patients with pure obsessions, the only controlled study into the effectiveness of aversion relief with obsessive-compulsive patients found this treatment to be ineffective.

What are the causes of fetishism?

Though the causes of fetishism are not clearly understood, some theorists believe that it develops from early childhood experiences, in which an object was associated with a particularly powerful form of sexual arousal or gratification.

How do you know if you are a fetishist?

Specific Symptoms of Fetishism 1 Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects (e.g., female undergarments) that last for a period of at least six months 2 Fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors that cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning 3 When fetish objects are not limited to articles of female clothing used in cross-dressing (as in Transvestic Fetishism) or devices designed for the purpose of tactile genital stimulation (e.g., a vibrator).

How is aversion therapy done?

Aversion therapy is done by introducing other stimuli to the subject and is done through one or two ways. The first is done by applying negative stimulation, such as shock, while the patient views or discusses fetish imagery to create a negative connotation in the brain.

What is fetish in a relationship?

A fetish is an uncommon sexual obsession that an individual may have with a specific object or part of the body. In the past, these kinds of obsessions harbored harsh criticism, but in today’s day and age, they are becoming more generally accepted.

What is the second way of reorientation?

The second way is called “orgasmic reorientation” which aims to realign the patient with a more “normal” sexual tendency. The cause for the low rates of success is that treatment is usually forced upon the patient as they feel they have no real reason to change.

What was the first reference to fetishism?

In his own article, Hermes had followed Hegel in referring to fetishism as the "crudest form of religion." Marx ridiculed this argument, and Hermes's description of religion as that which raises man "above sensuous appetites." Instead, he said, fetishism is "the religion of sensuous appetites " ( die Religion der sinnlichen Begierde ), adding that "the fantasy of the appetites tricks the fetish worshipper into believing that an 'inanimate object' will give up its natural character to gratify his desires. The crude appetite of the fetish worshiper therefore smashes the fetish when the latter ceases to be its most devoted servant" (Marx, 1993, p. 22).

Who advocated fetishism?

Comte was perhaps the only philosopher to advocate fetishism, but he was not the only one to identify its affective force. Nor was he alone in discovering an immanent and mimetic power in fetishism. Something of the latter is present in Marx's reading of the fetish character of the commodity, but in Marx's writing the fetish no longer grounds a strategic religion but is, rather, the conceptual basis of a strategy for reading both religion and the secular religion of capital. Significantly, Marx uses the term fetishism ( Fetischismus ) almost exclusively in his analyses of religion, referring to the commodity in terms of an analogous fetish-character ( Fetischcharakter ). This is an important distinction, and Marx's choice of words reflects his argument that economy had arisen in the place that religion had occupied in earlier periods, where it functioned as the institution from which law seemed naturally to emanate. Accordingly, É tienne Balibar (while overlooking the terminological distinction) argues that Marx's idea of commodity fetishism explains why, on the one hand "the capitalist mode of production … is the mode of production in which the economy is most easily recognized as the 'motor' of history," and, on the other, it is the mode in which "the essence of this 'economy' is unrecognized in principle" (Althusser and Balibar, p. 216). Balibar and Louis Althusser invoke the works of Marxist anthropologists to argue that in nonindustrial societies the nature of social relations is thought to be determined by extra-economic factors and institutions, which seem "natural or divine," such as the church or the monarchy. By contrast, capitalism "is the mode of production in which fetishism affects the economic region par excellence " (Althusser and Balibar, p. 179). Many anthropologists have indeed argued that in societies where there is no market economy, fetishism operates by endowing products with the qualities of the social milieu, and Michael Taussig has described the conflicts that may emerge between one regime of fetishism and another in precisely this manner. Marx, however, distinguishes between fetishism proper and an economy in which commodities possess the characteristics of the fetish.

Who wrote the book The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America?

Taussig, Michael T. The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980.

What was Comte's concern with substitution?

The concern with substitution and (and hence, displacement) was awkwardly related to what had been an overriding interest in the affective excess posited at the heart of fetishism — and Marx's Hegelian reading of the relationship as an aggressive one was never really developed. Thus the simultaneous overattachment to an object and the capacity to destroy it was read as doubly symptomatic of irrationality and excess. Ironically, it was precisely because of this excess that Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857) accorded fetishism a curative function in the hyperrationalized world of his logical positivist utopia. He deemed that the rationalization of the social world could enable freedom if its principles were fully understood — hence his effort to describe that world in terms of "social statics" — but this rationalization had itself been excessive in the long but necessary development of Reason's civilization. Comte therefore advocated as corrective a "religion of Humanity." This religion would cathect people to self-sustaining values, such as an appreciation of the material and social environment, and would cultivate what he termed "universal love." It would do so through the supplementary establishment of a "Great Fetish," to which, he hoped, everyone would be spontaneously drawn. Later, Max M ü ller (1823 – 1900), whose own definitions led him to remark that neither has any religion been without fetishism, nor has fetishism ever constituted a religion unto itself, excluded Comte's Great Fetish from the very category of fetishism, on the grounds that it constituted a monotheistic deity.

What did Hegel believe about fetishism?

Various European philosophers found in the idea of fetishism the ideal image of Reason's other. For Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804), fetishism indicated lack of judgment, an aesthetic incapacity. For Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 – 1831), it constituted a very early if not yet fully developed form of religion within a history that he described as progressing from the perception of oneself as master of nature (associated with an unmediated magic aimed at power over single things) to the intuition of self -consciousness as the object of worship. Hegel observed in fetishism (and animal worship) the beginnings of a dialectical relationship, insofar as fetishism placed before the human being some kind of independent power. But he also emphasized the characteristics of contingency and arbitrariness of the fetish, and noted an aggressive relationship to the fetish, which could be destroyed and substituted with another fetish if it failed to function. Not incidentally, when writing notes on the 1871 study The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man, by John Lubbock (1834 – 1913), Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) later reiterated this belief that fetishism is destructive of that which it venerates, when he contrasted it to idolatry as a kind of submission to objects.

Where did the term "fetishism" come from?

When Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784) included the term fétiche in his Encyclopédie, he tellingly assigned the word a modern origin but defined it only as the "name that the people of Guinea in Africa give to their divinities." By contrast, de Brosses discerned fetishism everywhere, from the Americas to Egypt, from Africa to Asia (comparative religion continues to operate on this basis). This was because fetishism was beginning to bear a more general meaning, and to connote a lack of reason whose chief symptom was a confusion of aesthetic, religious, and economic functions. Europeans conflated what they perceived to be a lack of standard measures for assessing value with what they presumed to be a capricious forging of equivalences between otherwise incommensurate things, whence emerged the possibility for the inflation and overvaluation of otherwise trivial things. This was, furthermore, associated in their minds with counterfeiting, either through the dissembling of value (as through gold-plating) or through its debasement (as through the use of alloyed gold, the latter actually being referred to as fetiche gold ) (Pietz, 1988, pp. 110 – 111).

What did De Brosses' book invent?

De Brosses's book not only invented a term, it initiated a critical practice whereby the identification of a seemingly "primitive" habit (in this case, random substitution) becomes the starting point for an identification of comparable qualities in the heart of so-called modern societies and institutions. He compared the putative fetish-worship of snakes in Africa to the serpent of Judah in the Book of Daniel (even contrasting fetishism with the vulgar idolatry of monotheists), while also giving to fetishism the full status of a religion (it thus constituted something like an elementary form of religious life, which É mile Durkheim [1858 – 1917] identified as totemism ).

What is the best treatment for fetishism?

I have found the most effective treatment methods for fetishism, as well as other paraphilias, include reality therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, behavioral therapy including aversive conditioning, psychoanalysis, and medication.

When does fetishism start?

What we do know is that fetishism generally begins in childhood or adolescence and is usually found in males. Once established, fetishism tends to be life-long unless treated. There are many theories about the psychological how, when and why of fetishism, but few facts.

What is the purpose of psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis tries to spot the traumatic unconscious experience that caused the fetishism in first instance. Bringing this unconscious knowledge to conscience and thus enabling the patient to work up his trauma rationally and emotionally shall relieve the him from his problems.

What is aversive conditioning?

In aversive conditioning ( a type of behavior therapy ), the patient is confronted with his fetish and as soon as sexual arousal starts, exposed to a displeasing stimulus. It is reported that in earlier times painful stimuli such as electric shocks have been used as aversive stimulus.

What is the sexual attraction to the elderly called?

Chronophilias such as Infantophilia: the sexual attraction to infants, Pedophilia: the sexual attraction to prepubescent children, Gerontophilia: the sexual attraction to the elderly.

What is the recurrent urge or behavior involving acts in which the pain or humiliation of the victim is

Sadism: the recurrent urge or behavior involving acts in which the pain or humiliation of the victim is sexually exciting. Voyeurism: the recurrent urge or behavior to observe an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing or engaging in sexual activities, or may not be sexual in nature at all.

What is the DSM IV-TR?

The DSM-IV-TR lists the following diagnostic criteria for fetishism: The patient experiences recurrent and intense sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving the use of nonliving objects by themselves. Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months. The patient experiences significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning because of the fantasies, urges, or behaviors. The DSM-IV-TR list of other paraphilias includes:

What is fetishism mental?

Fetishism as a mental condition may be defined as the necessity to use a nongenital object in order to achieve sexual gratification. The object may be some other body part, an article of clothing, or, less frequently, some more impersonal object. The condition occurs almost exclusively among men, and most of the objects used relate to ...

What is the primary object of sexual attention?

Long hair or the foot may be the primary object of sexual attention; cases in which a certain hair colour or type of body blemish is required for sexual stimulation are also generally classified as fetishism. The articles of clothing most commonly used are shoes and items of female underclothes.

How many Americans did Kinsey study?

To investigate human sexuality in general, Kinsey and his colleagues studied just over 10,000 Americans. These people constituted Kinsey's:

Is Tessa a short person?

Tessa is short. She is infertile and suffers from hypothyroidism. In addition, her cognitive and socioemotional functioning is somewhat impaired. Tessa's case exemplifies:

Is pedophilia more common in men than women?

Pedophilia is more common among men than among women , and it is a lifelong condition.

Do therapists try to eliminate fetishes?

In contrast to the therapists of the past, today's therapists do not try to eliminate fetishes.

What is the most popular part of the body for fetishism?

Even the rich and famous may have a penchant for inanimate objects or a certain body part that gets their attention. It seems that the foot and toes are the most popular part of the body for fetishes.

What is the best treatment for fetishism?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is thought to be helpful in Fetishistic Disorder. Sometimes the therapist will work with the individual to gradually dull the response toward the object that causes the sexual desire. This helps to lessen or completely rid the individual of his sexual feelings toward the object.

What is fetish anxiety?

Anxiousness and a disruption of everyday life is a result of the fetish. The item that the person uses for sexual desires is not used because of cross dressing. The item is not sexual stimulation paraphernalia, such as a vibrator.

What happens to a person who has a fetish for half a year?

During half a year, the person has had desires that are fixated on a part of the body that doesn’t include the genatalia or on a particular item, where he derived sexual impulses, imaginings or gratification. Anxiousness and a disruption of everyday life is a result of the fetish.

When does fetishism start?

Not considered to be a disorder unless it results in anxiousness and a disruption of everyday life, Fetishistic Disorder is predominantly begun when an individual reaches pubescence or, less frequently, in the teenage years. Fetishistic Disorder is found to be almost always in men.

What is fetishistic disorder?

Fetishistic Disorder, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)*, is diagnosed when a specific body part that is not a sexual organ or an item—an inanimate article–of another person’s gives the individual sexual pleasure.

What is the belief that there is a relation to the disorder if a person has been physically abused in

There is a belief that there is a relation to the disorder if a person has been physically abused in the past or has less education. In addition, abuse of alcohol and drugs, as well as if a person is undergoing treatment for substances, or other mental disorders may have a connection.

Causes of Fetishism

Specific Symptoms of Fetishism

Treatment of Fetishism

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