Full Answer
Can Shah be cured of cancer?
At the only news conference held by doctors at New York Hospital, Dr. Morton Coleman, the Shah's cancer specialist, emphasized his belief in ''the potential for cure'' in the Shah's case, citing a 50-50 chance for long-term survival.
When did Shah of Persia get cancer?
It is not clear when the shah developed cancer symptoms and when he was first diagnosed. One account traces this diagnosis to 1970 or 1971 when a biopsied gland in the shah’s neck, noted by his eminent Viennese physician Karl Fellinger, revealed lymphoma; another account dates Fellinger’s biopsy to late April 1974.
How did Amitabh Shah detect his own cancer?
The Shah indirectly detected his own cancer when, during a skiing trip in 1974, he felt a lump in the left upper portion of his abdomen.
What happened to the Shah?
Clearly the Shah had reached a critical stage in his medical care - his cancer was no longer responding to the chlorambucil, and he needed much stronger drugs and possibly radiation.
What was the significance of Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi's lymphatic cancer?
What happened to the Shah after 1973?
What was the 1979 Islamic Revolution?
Did Shah abdicate the throne?
Did the US give part of his energy to fighting for Iran's life?
Did the Shah know about the time?
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What kind of cancer did Shah have?
Later, in April,11 the Shah met Fellinger, and, according to the historian Andrew Cooper,18 the Shah was informed that he had lymphoma. Alam had kept in contact with Bernard who, on May 1, 1974, left France for Tehran together with Professor Georges Flandrin.
Did Dr DeBakey operate on the Shah of Iran?
Death of the Shah of Iran DeBakey was called to perform a splenectomy on Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran due to leukemia. Although Debakey was a renowned American heart surgeon by the time, his experience performing this surgery was limited.
What happened to the Shah?
Soon thereafter, the Iranian monarchy was formally abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic republic led by Ruhollah Khomeini. The Shah died in exile in Egypt, where he had been granted asylum by President Anwar Sadat.
Why was Shah kicked out?
In 1941 the Soviet Union and Great Britain, fearing that the shah would cooperate with Nazi Germany to rid himself of their tutelage, occupied Iran and forced Reza Shah into exile. Mohammad Reza then replaced his father on the throne (September 16, 1941).
Who is the most famous heart surgeon?
Denton CooleyEducationUniversity of Texas at Austin University of Texas Medical Branch Johns Hopkins School of MedicineKnown forFirst clinical implantation of a total artificial heartMedical careerProfessionSurgeon8 more rows
What did Michael DeBakey do?
American surgeon Michael Ellis DeBakey was a legendary physician, educator, and medical statesman. During a career spanning 75 years, his work transformed cardiovascular surgery, raised medical education standards, and influenced national health care policy.
How many Shahs did Iran have?
The Achaemenid Kings of Persia ruled over the largest empire in the Near East. These are the 12 Kings who led the empire, from its founding to its fall. In the Classical period, there were many Kings of Persia, but few were ever as powerful as the Achaemenids.
What happens to the shah Persepolis?
As the political situation deteriorates, the Shah and his family are forced into exile. Exiled religious leader, Ayatollah Khomeini returns from exile to assume control of Iran and is declared Supreme Leader of the newly established Islamic Republic of Iran, a theocratic republic based on the Islamic faith.
Why did Iran want the shah back?
In Tehran, Islamic militants responded on November 4 by storming the U.S. embassy and taking the staff hostage. With the approval of Khomeini, the militants demanded the return of the shah to Iran to stand trial for his crimes.
Where did the Shah flee to in 1979?
On 16 January 1979, the Shah had fled Iran in exile as the last Persian monarch, leaving his duties to a regency council and Shapour Bakhtiar, who was an opposition-based prime minister.
What was Iran called before 1979?
PersiaFor most of history, the tract of land now called Iran was known as Persia. It wasn't until 1935 that it adopted its present name.
What is a Shah in Islam?
Shah (/ʃɑː/; Persian: شاه, romanized: Šāh, pronounced [ʃɒːh], "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically known as Persia in the West).
Why was the Shah's surgery postponed?
The operation was postponed for about a week both for political reasons and because the Shah was recuperating from a respiratory infection. Dr. Jean P. Hester, a cancer specialist from M.D. Anderson Hospital in Houston, who was in Panama participating in the Shah's care, recalls that he asked her: ''Isn't it dangerous for me to delay the surgery because of my low blood count?''
What happened to Shah of Iran?
The Shah grew increasingly fearful, according to the medicaljournal article, about being assassinated on the operating table. In addition, Iran had filed an extradition request which caused him further concern. On March 23, the Shah flew to Egypt, and five days later, Dr. DeBakey removed his spleen, which by then had grown to 10 times its normal size. From the operation, it was discovered that both his spleen and his liver were invaded by cancer. It was April before the Shah began to receive the multidrug chemotherapy treatment that had been outlined for him at New York Hospital five months earlier.
What caused Shah to have jaundice?
Tests performed on the Shah during his first 24 hours at New York Hospital indicated that his jaundice was, in fact, the result of a blockage of his bile duct by gallstones , which itself can be a lifethreatening condition. During a gall-bladder operation, the doctors also planned to remove several lymph nodes to determine more precisely the type of cancer as well as the extent of its spread.But, in addition, they wanted to answer some other troublesome questions, such as: What had caused the Shah's spleen to enlarge to about three times its normal size? And should they also remove the spleen for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes?
Where did Shah go after he was exiled?
Following his exile from Iran, the Shah traveled to Egypt, Morcco, the Bahamas, Mexico, New York Hospital and Lackland Air Force Base in the United States, Panama and back to Cairo in a desperate search for political refuge and medical relief.
How much weight did Shah lose?
There, his skin began to turn deep yellow from jaundice; he had chills and fever, and from early August to late September, he lost about 20 pounds. Mexican doctors diagnosed malaria. Robert Armao, a protege of Nelson Rockefeller, and Joseph V. Reed, an aide to David Rockefeller, had both been sent to assist the Shah. Both were patients of Dr. Benjamin H. Kean, an internist at New York Hospital who specializes in malaria and tropical medicine. When the Shah's condition did not improve, they summoned him to Mexico to consult on the Shah's case.
What happened to Shah's bile duct after gall bladder surgery?
About a week after the gall-bladder operation, X-rays showed that a single gallstone had been left behind and was blocking the Shah's bile duct. Because of the limitations of medicine, even the best surgeons are unable to locate one or more remaining gallstones in a small percentage of such cases. ''Finding the retained stone was a complete surprise,'' says Dr. Williams, ''We thought we had it clean.''
How did Mohammed Riza Pahlevi die?
But his public image remained more important to him than his life. Throughout the next year and a half before he died of a massive internal hemorrhage four months after his splenectomy, most doctors would agree, his medical care was fraught with confusion, friction and severe political implications. As late as July 3, Dr. Coleman, who had been called to Egypt to assist in the Shah's cancer care, walked off the case as a result of disagreements with the French doctors.
What happened to the Shah in 1979?
With that, his regime collapsed and the shah fled. The shah traveled to several countries before entering the United States in October 1979 for medical treatment of his cancer.
Who eclipsed the Shah?
After a Communist plot against him was thwarted in 1949, he took on even more powers. However, in the early 1950s, the shah was eclipsed by Mohammad Mosaddeq, a zealous Iranian nationalist who convinced the Parliament to nationalize Britain’s extensive oil interests in Iran.
How long were the American hostages held in Iran?
The United States refused to negotiate, and 52 American hostages were held for 444 days. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi died in Egypt in July 1980.
When did Mohammad Reza appoint Mosaddeq?
Nevertheless, he was forced in 1951 to appoint Mosaddeq premier, and two years of tension followed. In August 1953, Mohammad Reza attempted to dismiss Mosaddeq, but the premier’s popular support was so great that the shah himself was forced out of Iran.
Who was the Shiite leader who called for the overthrow of the Islamic State?
Ruhollah Khomeini , a Shiite cleric, was particularly vocal in his criticism and called for the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of an Islamic state. In 1964, Khomeini was exiled and settled across the border in Iraq, where he sent radio messages to incite his supporters.
Who flees Iran?
Shah flees Iran. Faced with an army mutiny and violent demonstrations against his rule, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the leader of Iran since 1941, is forced to flee the country. Fourteen days later, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of the Islamic revolution, returned after 15 years of exile and took control of Iran.
Where is Shah under cancer testing?
Shah Undergoing Cancer Tests in Hospital in N.Y. - The Washington Post
Where did the Shah move to?
Under heavy guard, the shah has moved from Egypt to Morocco to the Bahamas and then to Mexico during his exile. He has been seen in public rarely, one of the most recent occasions being when former president Richard M. Nixon visited the complex of villas the shah occupied in the Mexican resort town of Cuernavaca.
Why is the U.S. not allowing the shah to take up residence in the United States?
The danger of assassinatin, plus the fear that Americans in Iran might be taken captive to be exchanged for the shah , were among the reasons mentioned when the U.S. government made it clear that it thought the shah would be better advised not to take up residence in the United States.
Does Shah have cancer?
According to State Department sources, the shah has a malignant tumor and a blocked bile duct. One source said the cancer has begun to spread through the shah's body and that he may have a short time to live.
Does the shah have authority in Iran?
Carter reiterated the U.S. position that the shah has no claim to authority in Iran, where the new regime has urged that he be assassinated.
Who was aware of the Shah's cancer?
The claim by Daugherty is, however, contradicted by Andrew Cooper, 18 who states that Richard Helms was well aware of the Shah’s cancer, telling his senior embassy staff that the Shah was being treated by French physicians and had written his will. Cooper 18 also observes that, in the summer of 1975, diplomats had been aware of rumors ...
What was the Shah's chemo?
On September 9, 1974, however, the Shah again complained of splenomegaly. 9 Accompanied by Bernard and Milliez, Flandrin arrived in Tehran on September 18, 1974, and started to treat the Shah with 6 mg of the chemotherapy medicine Chlorambucil.8 In order to keep the procedure a secret, the medication was brought to the Shah disguised in containers of the harmless anti-malaria medication Quinercil. 10 For unknown reasons, however, the Shah was only treated for one week. Flandrin confirms this without going into any specific details. 8 Despite the Shah’s condition being deemed to be so serious on this second visit that pharmacological treatment was started, a medical report received by the Shah on October 14, 1974 stated that he is in good health. 9 This report raises several vital questions which remain unanswered: who was this report from? What exactly was stated in the report? How could the report state that the Shah was in a good health, when he had started chemotherapy the previous month? Or alternatively, was he in a good health even though he was on chemotherapy? Safavian 17 states that the Shah was not aware of his cancer until the late 70s. To keep the disease a secret from the Shah was a decision made by his physicians in order not to affect the Shah’s ruling of the country; thus, this report may have been altered in order to give the Shah the impression that he is in a good health.
How many people knew about the Shah's disease?
This was, however, quite a challenge, and even today it is unclear exactly who knew about the Shah’s disease. According to Flandrin, only seven people were initially aware of the Shah’s condition: Flandrin himself, Bernard, Ayadi, Alam, Milliez, Safavian, who had been included after Flandrin’s second visit, and the Shah. 8 Furthermore, because of the secrecy, the examination of the Shah, as well as any analysis of his blood samples, could not be conducted in a hospital. Therefore, the Shah’s private office at the Niavaran palace was used as a clinic. The Shah’s disease was also kept a secret from both the Queen, who was first informed by the French physicians in spring of 1977 without the Shah‘s knowledge, 8 and the Shah’s twin sister, Princess Ashraf, who was informed while in exile. 19 To further keep the secret intact, the word Chlorambucil was substituted with Quinercil in the Shah’s medical journals.8
How many times did Flandrin meet Shah?
Flandrin, who met the Shah over 30 times in Tehran, would, each time, secretly fly from his St. Louis Hospital in Paris to Tehran, not only withholding the information from his friends and colleagues, but also his own spouse.
What did Shah say about the modernizing of Kish?
The Shah had, in a remark to Alam in Kish after feeling his swollen spleen, also said that the modernizing of Kish must go faster so that it can be finished under his lifetime. 9 Queen Farah considers this issue. She writes that, after his first symptoms in the spring of 1973, the Shah, four days before his birthday, on the October 22, 1973, had gathered, among others, the Prime Minister, Dr. Amir-Abbas Hoveyda, and the commanders of the armed forces in order to deliver to them his political testament. The Queen emphasizes that the Shah just had learned he was suffering from Waldenström’s disease.
How did Shah of Iran die?
In 1980, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi died of cancer , and only nine months after, the medical correspondent of the New York Times, Dr. Altman 1 wrote: “Even today… some of the physicians who were intimately involved in the case still debate several critical points in the Shah’s medical care.” 30 years after the Shah’s death, this debate is still ongoing. Unfortunately, few books and articles have been written that discuss the Shah in light of his health and the chaos that surrounded it. Some of them even contain false or incomplete information: for example, that the Shah had been treated at the Mayo Clinic 2 or that the State Department had no real information about the Shah’s condition. 3 Only the British journalist William Shawcross 4 and the late Dr. Leon Morgenstern 5 have earlier given detailed accounts of the Shah’s disease; hence, there is still a knowledge gap regarding the Shah’s health care and the political aspects of it.
Why did Alam not know about the Shah?
Since the Shah, after the April 9, 1974 incident started to talk about not being around for long and almost immediately began to engage the Queen and the Crown Prince in matters of state, it may be because he, in reality, had been diagnosed with a blood disease before April 9, 1974, with the splenomegaly making him understand the condition had now worsened. The fact that Alam’s diaries show some confusion may be because Alam himself did not know any details about the Shah’s health, or that the issue was so sensitive that he did not even write about it in the diary. In discussing this matter one can only speculate.
What happened to the Shah of Iran?
Bolstered by slander in the Western press, these forces, along with Soviet-inspired communist insurgents, and mullahs opposing the Shah’s progressiveness, combined to face him with overwhelming opposition. In three years he went from vibrant monarch to exile (on January 16, 1979), and ultimately death, while Iran fell to Ayatollah Khomeini’s terror.
How did Shah change the world?
Primarily by using oil-generated wealth, he modernized the nation. He built rural roads, postal services, libraries, and electrical installations. He constructed dams to irrigate Iran’s arid land, making the country 90-percent self-sufficient in food production.
How many nuclear power plants did Shah build?
Although Iran was the world’s second largest oil exporter, the Shah planned construction of 18 nuclear power plants. He built an Olympic sports complex and applied to host the 1988 Olympics (an honor eventually assigned Seoul), an achievement unthinkable for other Middle East nations.
What did Shah do for the Middle East?
A voice for stability within the Middle East itself, he favored peace with Israel and supplied the beleaguered state with oil. On the home front, the Shah protected minorities and permitted non-Muslims to practice their faiths. “All faith,” he wrote, “imposes respect upon the beholder.”.
When did Obama declare the danger from Iran?
In September 2007, US News & World Report stated: “Amid deepening frustration with Iran, calls for shifting Bush administration policy toward military strikes or other stronger actions are intensifying.” And in June 2008, President-to-be Barack Obama declared: “The danger from Iran is grave, it is real, and my goal will be to eliminate this threat.”
When did Mohammad Reza Pahlavi die?
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi died on July 27, 1980. His last words: “I wait upon Fate, never ceasing to pray for Iran, and for my people. I think only of their suffering.” In Cairo, a grand funeral honored him. Three million Egyptians followed the procession.
Who was the American ambassador to the Shah?
The Shah’s destruction required assembling a team of diplomatic “hit men.”. Du Berrier commented: When the situation was deemed ripe, U.S. Ambassador William Sullivan — the man reputed to have toppled the pro-American government of General Phoumi Nosavan in Laos — was sent to urge the Shah to get out.
Who welcomed the Shah to Egypt?
And he was given, in effect, the hospitality of Egypt by President Sadat, who welcomed him and his family and supporters, and made available to them one of the old royal palaces of Cairo so that they could live in royal style that was befitting the shah and his family. And it was not too long after that that the shah died.
Who were the friends of the Shah?
Undoubtedly, David Rockefeller (seen right) and [Henry] Kissinger were the most prominent among the friends of the Shah in the United States, of which there were many – Democrats and Republicans – who throughout the spring and summer of 1979 put a lot of pressure on the Carter administration to do something about the Shah’s situation. That became politically irresistible when it became public knowledge that the Shah had lymphatic cancer and he needed better treatment than was available in Mexico…
What was Carter concerned about?
Carter was very concerned about that… People were encouraging him to allow the Shah in for health care and he asked them all: “If the Iranians react negatively, if they should seize our State Department officials there and make them hostages, then what is your policy?” The room went dead, if not ashen.
Where did Mohammed Reza Pahlavi flee?
Every Form of Refuge has its Price. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, departed Iran on January 16, 1979, fleeing political unrest led by the Ayatollah Khomeini and seeking medical treatment for lymphoma. Pahlavi first flew to Aswan, Egypt, where Anwar Sadat welcomed him, and would spend the next ten months moving among Morocco, Mexico, ...
Why did Carter hesitate?
Carter was hesitating, because this would complicate our relations with the new revolutionary government in Iran….I said if the Shah is admitted to the States, I’m afraid that we ought to evacuate all of our people from Tehran first, because I’m afraid that there will be those who will see them as potential hostages, used as a bargaining lever to press us to turn the Shah over to revolutionary justice. What they wanted most was to get the Shah back in Iran where they could try him for crimes against the people of Iran.
What is the standard argument for admitting the Shah?
My standard argument was that if you admit the Shah, you do the right thing in human terms, but you have to abandon any hope of reconstructing a political relationship with Iran. It was clear that Carter was trying to meet the obligation to the man and also reconstruct a relationship.
Did Yazdi ask for participation in the diagnosis?
He, in particular, pressed for participation in the medical diagnosis by Iranian designated doctors–that they be permitted to send a doctor to the United States to participate. I couldn’t give them assurance of that, although I communicated that to Washington. In response to that, all the Department was prepared to do was to assure Yazdi and his government that we would inform them of the diagnosis by medical doctors in the United States.
What is the controversy over the decision to admit the former shah?
There are two continuing controversies of major import over the decision to admit the former shah that still require exploration. The first revolves around the true state of the shah’s health in October 1979 and what exactly the president was told about the shah’s condition. On this point, there are not only significant differences among the accounts of the principals, but also the key participant, former President Jimmy Carter, has contradicted his own earlier account of the event. And a second important figure, the State Department’s senior physician at the time, has yet to present any public account, thus depriving scholars of a defining perspective.The second unresolved controversy lies within attempts to determine precisely why the president made the ultimate decision that he did. Here, again, there are significant contradictions. Most intriguing is an apparent — and perhaps decisive — reliance by Carter and his senior advisors on a positive security assessment supposedly contained in a cable from Tehran, but which is in fact completely absent from the content of this consequential document. Until all of the materials which pertain to this event — cables, White House phone logs, sensitive memoranda — are released to the public and thoroughly scrutinized, a definitive understanding of the decision permitting the shah to enter the United States will remain elusive.
What happened to the shah after he arrived in Rabat?
But just two weeks after his arrival in Rabat, circumstances reversed for the shah. If he had been loitering in the Near East region hoping that there would be a reversal of fortunes in Iran which would result in an opportunity (or call) to return to the Peacock Throne, he was destined for disappointment.
Why did Laingen and Precht leave?
Laingen collected Precht and left to see the prime minister. Because of the eight-hour time difference between Tehran and Washington, the response from Laingen and Precht arrived in Washington following their meeting with Barzargan, Yazdi, and Abbas.
How did Washington find assurances in the cable?
One possible explanation is that the absence of a clear warning was sufficient for policymakers merely to assume the Iranian government would take appropriate measures . A second possibility, again, is that there was already in the minds of senior officials the belief that, since the Iranians — and Yazdi personally — had intervened back in February to protect the embassy, they and he would obviously do so again. And there is a third possibility: whatever Laingen said simply didn’t matter. Both diplomats realized that the decision to admit the shah had already been made and that, no matter what they reported back, it would not affect the president’s approval. The cable could have relayed nothing but risqué Irish limericks transliterated to an obscure Mongolian dialect and the effect would have no doubt have been the same.
Why did the Shah give his security forces carte blanche?
Simultaneously, the shah’s regime was becoming increasingly and egregiously corrupt. To counter rising discontent, the shah gave his security forces carte blanche to ferret out and halt the dissidents; serious human rights issues ensued, further alienating the Iranian regime from its own citizens.
What was the final blow for Hassan?
The final blow for the former monarch landed when King Hassan decided he had had sufficient time with the depressed and dispirited shah; he asked his guest to leave. The shah now sent word to Washington that he was ready to accept the U.S. government’s invitation.
When did the Shah leave Iran?
When the shah left Iran on 16 January 1979, it was expected that he would quickly seek asylum in America, the nation that had been his strongest supporter and stalwart friend. Even Khomeini had “expressed no objections” to the shah’s exile in the United States at this time.
Where did the Shah move to?
In the second week of March, the Shah moved to a palace in Rabat, the Moroccan capital.
What would happen if Carter refused to allow the Shah?
Anti-Shah demonstrations were already endemic around the country. If Carter refused him admission, there would have been a furor on the right, where the Shah was seen as a long-standing ally.
How did Rockefeller help the Shah?
He and his staff helped to find the Shah a home in the Bahamas, to secure visas, to engineer his transportation by chartered jet, to facilitate his medical care. He also played a leading role in the campaign to persuade the Carter Administration to admit the Shah.
What issue was the memo on Oct. 21, 1979?
21, 1979, had been nagging the Administration for months: Should Mohammed Riza Pahlevi, the exiled Shah of Iran, be allowed to enter the United States? Despite the risks such a move would entail, especially for the skeleton crew of Americans manning the embassy in revolutionary Teheran, most of Carter's advisers were for it. The President himself had been adamantly opposed and had lost his temper more than once on the subject. But now a new and urgent development had changed the situation and Vance was on the telephone from Washington asking for a decision. Eighteen months later, in his first and only substantive interview on the Iranian crisis since leaving office, Jimmy Carter described the exchange.
What did Jimmy Carter say to his foreign policy advisers?
Carter recalled a breakfast with his foreign-policy advisers in the late summer of 1979 when Mondale and Brzezinski were pressing him to change his mind. ''I don't curse much, '' the former President said, ''but this time I blew up . I said: 'Blank the Shah! I'm not going to welcome him here when he has other places to go where he'll be safe.' '' (Recounting the story, Carter used the word ''blank'' rather than the four-letter word itself.)
What made Kissinger's intervention particularly sensitive?
What made Kissinger's intervention particularly sensitive was the fact that it came just as the Administration was completing the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty talks with the Soviet Union and preparing for what it expected to be the biggest political battle of Carter's first term. The President knew that Kissinger's position on SALT would influence the outcome of the ratification debate in the Senate. Both men say they never linked the two subjects in their discussions about the Shah, but explicit linkage was hardly necessary. ''SALT,'' Hamilton Jordan, White House chief of staff, observed later, ''was the background for all our discussions in those days.''
Was Shah of Iran sick?
The Shah was sicker than his family knew. According to Princess Ashraf, only the doctors who treated the ruler and the Minister of Court, a confidential aide, were aware that the Shah had been suffering for six years from lymphoma - cancer of the lymph glands.He had been receiving chemotherapy from two French doctors who made periodic visits to Iran and later to Mexico. The Princess suspects that French intelligence learned of the Shah's illness but that American intelligence did not. Jimmy Carter later confirmed this intelligence failure, which was a significant lapse. Among other things, earlier knowledge of the lymphoma would have made it clear that the Shah's days were numbered and that the United States needed to consider an alternative. Such consideration might have led to an earlier and deeper study of the Iranian political situation.
What did Carter do to the Shah?
At the time, a senior Iranian diplomat in Washington observed, President Carter betrayed the Shah and helped create the vacuum that will soon be filled by Soviet-trained agents and religious fanatics who hate America. Under the guise of promoting human rights, Carter made demands on the Shah while blackmailing him with the threat that if the demands werent fulfilled, vital military aid and training would be withheld. This strange policy, carried out against a staunch, 20 year Middle East ally, was a repeat of similar policies applied in the past by US governments to other allies such as pre Mao China and pre Castro Cuba.
Who warned the shah that President Carter was determined to overthrow him?
Thus, for example, Alexandre de Marenches , former head of the French External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service, claims to have warned the shah that President Carter was determined to overthrow him. He recalled having “mentioned to the shah the names of those in the United States who had been given responsibility of seeing to his departure and replacement” and having also informed the monarch of his participation “in a meeting where one of the questions for consideration was, ‘How is the shah’s departure to be managed, and by whom shall he be replaced?'” [24]
What did Carter's policies mean for Iran?
Carter pressured Iran to allow for free assembly which meant that groups would be able to meet and agitate for the overthrow of the government. It goes without saying that such rights didnt exist in any Marxist or Islamic nation. The planned and predictable result of these policies was an escalation of opposition to the Shah, which would be viewed by his enemies as a weakness. A well-situated internal apparatus in Iran receiving its marching orders from the Kremlin egged on this growing opposition.
How many prisoners did Carter torture?
As he’s done with our terror-war detainees in Guantanamo, Carter accused the Shah of torturing some 3,000 “political” prisoners.
Did Carter want a contract with the Shah?
Pres. Carters anti-Shah feelings appeared to have ignited after he sent a group of several of his friends from his home state, Georgia, to Tehran with an audience arranged with His Majesty directly by the Oval Office and in Carters name. At this meeting, as reported by Prime Minister Amir Abbas Hoveyda to some confidantes, these businessmen told the Shah that Pres. Carter wanted a contract. previously awarded to Brown & Root to build a huge port complex at Bandar Mahshahr, to be cancelled and as a personal favor to him to be awarded to the visiting group at 10 percent above the cost quoted by Brown & Root.
Did Jimmy Carter demand favors from Iran?
Exclusive. Analysis. By Alan Peters, 1 GIS. Strong intelligence has begun to emerge that US President Jimmy Carter attempted to demand financial favors for his political friends from the Shah of Iran. The rejection of this demand by the Shah could well have led to Pres. Carters resolve to remove the Iranian Emperor from office.
Did Jimmy Carter rescue the hostages?
I disagree with his timing, I wish he authorized the rescue earlier, but some accounts tell us that an individual escaped Iran with information as to the exact whereabouts of the Hostages only a week or two before the official date of the Rescue. Jimmy Carter did what he had to do, and so did the men.
What was the significance of Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi's lymphatic cancer?
And according to a recently declassified article from Studies in Intelligence, the CIA's internal journal, the significance of Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi's lymphatic cancer — from which the exiled Iranian monarch would die in July of 1980 — was badly misread by US intelligence agencies.
What happened to the Shah after 1973?
The paper notes that the Shah upped his government's modernization efforts to a breakneck pace after 1973 , and that the Shah's "grandiosity expanded exponentially" after that year. This alienated parts of a population that was already bristling under the Shah's dictatorial rule, and the ruler's sense of his own finite time in power might have caused him pursue policies that only deepened the country's frustration towards its ruling family.
What was the 1979 Islamic Revolution?
The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran was a watershed event in modern history. It resulted in the overthrow of a brutal yet modernizing and pro-western government — and its replacement with a revolutionary theocracy that supports sectarian proxies throughout the Middle East. The breakdown in relations between the US and Iran, ...
Did Shah abdicate the throne?
His illness might have made the Shah more willing to abdicate the throne, which he did in early 1979. The author raises the possibility that the cancer may have made the Shah's decision-making more erratic while sapping his will to cling to power. He may have been "able to give only part of his energy to fighting for Iran's life, since he was fighting for his own."
Did the US give part of his energy to fighting for Iran's life?
He may have been "able to give only part of his energy to fighting for Iran's life, since he was fighting for his own.". Yet the US was largely in the dark about something that might have been central to the Shah's calculations during the critical final years of his rule.
Did the Shah know about the time?
In the summer, 1980 issue of Studies in Intelligence, an author whose name is redacted in the paper's declassified version suggests that US intelligence officers did not have an adequate sense of the Shah's actual health during the closing years of his regime. "We now know that by 1973 [the Shah] knew that the time was short," the paper's author writes, using redacted information from "the definitive medical report" of the Shah as proof.
