Why did the Taínos come to Cuba?
They were not immune to European diseases, especially smallpox, and the Spanish worked them unmercifully in the mines and fields. By 1507 the Spanish were settled and able to do a more reliable job of counting the Arawak/Taíno. It is generally agreed that by 1507 their numbers had shrunk to 60,000. By 1531 the number was down to 600.
How did the Spanish conquer the Tainos?
They also had a complex social order, with a government of hereditary chiefs and subchiefs and classes of nobles, commoners, and slaves. The Taino were easily conquered by the Spaniards beginning in 1493. Enslavement, starvation, and disease reduced them to a few thousand by 1520 and to near extinction by 1550.
What did the Tainos do to fight the Caribs?
At the time of Columbus’s exploration, the Taíno were the most numerous indigenous people of the Caribbean and inhabited what are now Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. By 1550, the Taíno were close to extinction, many having succumbed to diseases brought by the Spaniards.
How did Hernan Cortes control the Tainos?
The main factor in the Taino population reduction directly results from Spanish obsession for gold and the establishment of the Encomienda and the Repartimiento, which destroyed the rhythm of their lives, and their social structure. The Taino family structure was broken up as the men were sent to work on gold mines all over the island.
What effect did the Spanish have on the Tainos?
The Taino were easily conquered by the Spaniards beginning in 1493. Enslavement, starvation, and disease reduced them to a few thousand by 1520 and to near extinction by 1550. Those who survived mixed with Spaniards, Africans, and others.
What happened to the Tainos in Cuba?
Those Taíno not put to the sword or worked to death fell victim to smallpox, influenza and measles, against which they had no defence. Within 100 years of Columbus' landfall, virtually the entire indigenous population – heavily concentrated in the fertile lowlands of eastern Cuba – had perished.
Why did the Spanish treat the Tainos poorly?
The Spanish treated the Tainos very poorly, as they exploited them and lacked regard for their welfare.
What happened to the Arawaks as a result of their encounter with the Spanish?
When Arawaks began to resist in large numbers, the Spanish easily defeated them with their superior weaponry. Prisoners were hanged or burned to death. The rest of the Indians were rounded up for use as slave labor, some on estates and some in mines.
How did the Taínos resist the Spanish?
They Did Their Best To Resist Those who refused were punished. In response, the Taínos attacked Spanish forts and killed Spanish soldiers. They hid food from the Spaniards. They continued to resist for almost a year.
Who killed the Taínos?
The Spaniards exploited the island's gold mines and reduced the Taíno to slavery. Within twenty-five years of Columbus' arrival in Haiti, most of the Taíno had died from enslavement, massacre, or disease. By 1514, only 32,000 Taíno survived in Hispaniola.
How did the Spanish conquistadors treat the Taínos?
How did Spanish conquistadors treat the Tainos? They mistreated them by raping their women, beating their men, enslaving them, and killing most of them while searching for gold. As a result, the Taino population dropped to 6,000-8,000 people.
What did the Spanish do to the natives?
1. What did the Spanish do to the Natives? They enslaved them and took their food.
What did the Spaniards do to the natives?
From first contact in the Caribbean, Spaniards uprooted natives from their homelands, forced them to give up their treasures, and placed them in captivity.
Why did the Tainos commit suicide?
They attempted to revolt but did not succeed. Groups of Tainos committed suicide in order to break away from their lives although most of the Tainos were eradicated by a disease.
How many Taino were killed by Columbus?
Christopher Columbus, who needs to demonstrate the wealth of the New World after finding no gold, loads his ship with enslaved Taíno people. During the next four decades, slavery contributes to the deaths of 7 million Taíno. By 1535, the Taíno culture on Hispaniola is gone.
When did the Tainos go extinct?
The Taíno were declared extinct shortly after 1565 when a census shows just 200 Indians living on Hispaniola, now the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The census records and historical accounts are very clear: There were no Indians left in the Caribbean after 1802.
What was Antonio Nebrija's goal?
Antonio Nebrija, best known for attempting to standardize the Castilan dialect of Spanish as a written language, had many geographical interests. Advisor to Columbus's son Ferdinand Colón, Antonio Nebrija attempted to update the geography of Ptolemy, Strabo, Pliny, and other classical sources "to the reality of our times" and to include information from the discoveries of contemporary European explorers. This book contains one of the earliest descriptions of the New World.
What did Girolamo Benzoni do?
Shocked by experiences of Spanish cruelty toward the Indians, Benzoni denounced the mistreatment. He also criticized importation of African slaves. Although Benzoni has been criticized for exaggeration, his work provides a compact history of the Americas from the arrival of Columbus to the conquest of Peru, from firsthand perspective not colored by Spanish bias. His crude woodcut illustrations give a glimpse of indigenous life before it was altered by European civilization.
What are the stools in the Caribbean?
Preserved Pre-Columbian duhos (ceremonial wooden stools) from the Caribbean region are exceedingly rare because they are usually found only in dry highland caves. There are two basic types: low horizontal forms with concave seats, such as this one, and stools with long curved backrests. Scholars differ as to the function of the stools. Some believe they represented seats of authority. Others think they served as altars for votive offerings. Still others argue that the Taíno peoples used them as ceremonial trays for making cohoba, a hallucinogenic snuff prepared for shamanistic rituals.
What island did Christopher Columbus visit?
When Christopher Columbus arrived on the Bahamian Island of Guanahani (San Salvador) in 1492, he encountered the Taíno people, whom he described in letters as "naked as the day they were born.". The Taíno had complex hierarchical religious, political, and social systems. Skilled farmers and navigators, they wrote music and poetry ...
When was the dispute settled with Columbus?
The dispute was finally settled in 1796 in favor of Columbus’s descendants. This collection of printed documents, which includes extracts of Columbus’s will, relates to a dispute over the line of inheritance of one of the explorer's estates in the Americas. Enlarge.
Who was the first European chronicler of New World goods?
Along with Perro Mártir de Angleria and Bartolomé de las Casas, Oviedo was one of the first European chroniclers of New World goods. Enlarge. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557). La historia general delas Indias (The general history of the Indies).
How many editions of the letter were published between 1493 and 1497?
It earned him the title of Admiral, secured him continued royal patronage, and enabled him to make three more trips to the Caribbean, which he firmly believed to the end was a part of Asia. Seventeen editions of the letter were published between 1493 and 1497. Only eight copies of all the editions are extant. Enlarge.
What did the Spaniards have to adopt from the Taino?
Hammock: It is one of many words that the Spaniards had to adopt from the Taino to name a reality that was unknown to them until then: that kind of “hanging bed where the Indians slept” that they met in America.
What percentage of the indigenisms collected in the chronicles of the Indies are of Taino origin
According to Rincon, “30% of the indigenisms collected in the chronicles of the Indies is of Taino origin,” which is “very much” considering that La Española was only the gateway to America for the Spanish, who ended up assimilating to the Taino people who survived European diseases or the slave trade.
What language did the Spaniards speak?
What the historian referred to in his chronicles from America was in fact the Taíno language, the first native language of the continent with which the Spaniards met when they arrived in 1492.
How many words are in the Taino language?
Words that perhaps you did not know were of taíno origin: According to the lexicographer, the Dictionary of the Spanish language today collects some 70 words of Taino origin. But in the Lexicographical Treasury of the Spanish of Puerto Rico there are more than 800. Barbecue: In Taíno, it was used to refer to the framework ...
What are some words that are related to the word "taino"?
But there are many other words of Taíno origin: corn, cassav a, hurricane, caiman, ceiba, iguana, shark, bohio (rural Cuban house) … not to mention those that are only used in the Spanish-speaking countries of the Caribbean.
What did the Spaniards use to describe their travels?
In the first Indian chronicles, however, the Spaniards had to add an explanation when using it to make sure that in their country they would understand: “they travel in canoes or rafts”, which was the word of Arabic origin used then to name similar vessels and that today is practically in disuse.
Which language has the greatest presence in Spanish of all the dialects of the Americas before 1492?
According to experts, the Taíno language has the greatest presence in Spanish of all the dialects of the Americas before 1492. Bartolomé de las Casas said that the “language of the Indians” was “the most elegant and copious of words, and the sweetest in sounds”.
Where did the Spanish colonize?
In short order, Columbus established the first American colony at La Isabela, on the north coast of Hispaniola, in 1494. After a brief period of coexistence, relations between the newcomers and natives deteriorated. Spaniards removed men from villages to work in gold mines and colonial plantations. This kept the Taíno from planting the crops that had fed them for centuries. They began to starve; many thousands fell prey to smallpox, measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity; some committed suicide to avoid subjugation; hundreds fell in fighting with the Spaniards, while untold numbers fled to remote regions beyond colonial control. In time, many Taíno women married conquistadors, combining the genes of the New World and Old World to create a new mestizo population, which took on Creole characteristics with the arrival of African slaves in the 16th century. By 1514, barely two decades after first contact, an official survey showed that 40 percent of Spanish men had taken Indian wives. The unofficial number is undoubtedly higher.
Who invented the words "taino"?
If you have ever paddled a canoe, napped in a hammock, savored a barbecue, smoked tobacco or tracked a hurricane across Cuba, you have paid tribute to the Taíno, the Indians who invented those words long before they welcomed Christopher Columbus to the New World in 1492.
What do cave drawings testify to?
Their homeland is rich with cave drawings, which testify to the hallucinogens that fueled otherworldly visions, as shown here in a leader sniffs cohoba powder . Maggie Steber
What did Estevez unpack?
Estevez, a former pugilist who retains a boxer’s brawn and grace, unzipped a black suitcase and began unpacking objects to bolster his argument for the survival of a Taíno culture: a feather-light makuto, a basket woven from palm fronds; ladles, cups, plates and a musical instrument known as a guiro, all made from gourds; a wooden batea for carrying produce, like the one I had seen in the Dominican Republic a few days before. These were not dusty artifacts from a museum but utensils made recently by Antillean villagers who still use them and call them by their Taíno names. “My mother knew how to weave these things,” he said, holding up the makuto. “We also made casabe.” As he got older, Estevez steadily collected Indian lore and objects from a network of uncles and aunts in the islands, adding new evidence to his suitcase every year. “All my life I’ve been on this journey looking for all these Taíno things to see how much survival is there,” he said.
How many people disappeared in the 1500s?
Alegría paused before adding: “Some remained probably...but it was not that many.”. Possibly as many as three million souls—some 85 percent of the Taíno population—had vanished by the early 1500s, according to a controversial extrapolation from Spanish records.
What happened to the aboriginal people in 1519?
He ran through the figures from his native island: “By 1519, a third of the aboriginal population had died because of smallpox. You find documents very soon after that, in the 1530s, in which the question came from Spain to the governor.
Where were the art stolen during the Nazi occupation?
During the Nazi occupation of France, many valuable works of art were stolen from the Jeu de Paume museum and relocated to Germany. One brave French woman kept detailed notes of the thefts
What was the treatment of Native Americans by the Spanish?
Spanish treatment of the Native Americans was poor. Spanish explorers considered the natives inferior. Consequently, they forcibly converted natives to Christianity, confined them to slavery and murdered them. In 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived on the island of Hispaniola.
How did the Spanish exploit natives?
Spanish exploitation of native populations gradually moved westward, as the explorers continued their quest for silver, gold and other valuable natural resources. They continued their inhumane treatment of native populations in South America, and eventually moved north into North America. In addition to forcing the native populations into slavery, the Spanish explorers forced them to convert to Christianity. Those who resisted were punished by a system called encomienda, in which natives were assigned to settlers through land grants as part of a deal. When settlers claimed a piece of land, they were also given a group of natives with it. The natives forcibly worked the land by planting crops and mining for the landowners. This allowed the settlers to maintain control over the natives without enslaving them.
What did Christopher Columbus do to the natives?
The sailors were ordered to treat the natives humanely, and they were to be considered equal. The queen ordered the natives to be converted to Christianity and taught European behaviors. However, she did not authorize slavery. Columbus defied those orders, which eventually led to tensions between the explorers and the Spanish government.
What happened to the natives of the Caribbean after Columbus's landing?
In the 20 years following Columbus's landing on Hispaniola, Spanish explorers extended their reach to other Caribbean islands. Native populations in Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba were also forced into slavery.
What did Columbus do to the natives?
Columbus also forced native men to collect gold and return it to the sailors. If the men did not reach their 90-day quota, they were punished by death. In addition to the unethical practices that the explorers launched against the natives, they also brought diseases with them from Europe.
What did the Spanish government do in 1500?
In 1500, the Spanish government sent a ship to the New World and demanded Columbus's return to Spain.
Who was the priest who advocated for better treatment of the natives?
Believing that the Laws of Burgos were still too harsh, Bartolome de Las Casas, another priest, advocated for better treatment of the natives.