What is cis-1 2 dichloroethylene?
1,2-dichloroethylene, (cis isomers) appears as a clear colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. Flash point 36-39°F. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Used in the making of perfumes. Cis-1,2-dichloroethene is a 1,2-dichloroethene.
Is cis dichloroethylene a hazardous waste?
/SRP: The cis- isomer is not a listed hazardous waste./ Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides, hydrogen chloride gas. Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for cis-Dichloroethylene.
What is 1 2 dichloroethene?
1, 2-Dichloroethene, also called 1, 2-dichloroethylene, is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with a sharp, harsh odor. It is used to produce solvents and in chemical mixtures. You can smell very small amounts of 1, 2-dichloroethene in air (about 17 parts of 1, 2-dichloroethene per million parts of air [17 ppm]).
What is the concentration of cis-1 2-dichloroethylene in the US?
The median and maximum concentration of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene at 669 urban/suburban sites in the US was 0.068 ppb and 3.5 ppb, respectively (2).
What are universal treatment standards?
§ 268.48 Universal treatment standards. (a) Table UTS identifies the hazardous constituents, along with the nonwastewater and wastewater treatment standard levels, that are used to regulate most prohibited hazardous wastes with numerical limits.
What are hazardous constituents?
A hazardous constituent is a regulated constituent specified in a treatment standard at 40 CFR section 268.40Exit Exit EPA website or it may be an UHC. Any constituent that is listed in the table at 40 CFR section 268.48Exit Exit EPA website, except for fluoride, selenium, sulfides, vanadium and zinc can be a UHC.
Is zinc a UHC?
Other metals not considered UHCs in characteristic wastes include vanadium and zinc because they are not constituents on the Hazardous Constituents Table in 40 CFR 261, Appendix VIII.
What are the four types of hazardous wastes?
Class 1: Explosives. Class 2: Gases. Class 3: Flammable Liquids. Class 4: Flammable Solids or Substances.
What is a UHC in hazardous waste?
UHCs are trace amounts of hazardous chemicals (listed in 40 CFR 268.48) found in some hazardous wastes that do not in and of themselves cause the waste to be hazardous, but must be treated before the waste is deposited in a landfill.
What is TCLP analysis?
The term TCLP is an acronym for Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. This analysis simulates conditions within a landfill and determines which of the contaminants identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are present in the leachate as well as their concentrations.
What is the definition of waste UHC?
Waste is the overutilization of services, or other practices that, directly or indirectly, result in unnecessary costs to a health care benefit program. Waste is generally not considered to be caused by criminally negligent actions but rather the misuse of resources.
What waste is biomedical waste?
Biomedical waste is any waste containing infectious or potentially infectious materials. These wastes are generated during the diagnosis, treatment, and immunization of humans and animals. Biomedical wastes can be in both solid and liquid forms.
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When did cis and trans-1,2 DCE become effective?
The regulation for cis- and trans-1,2-DCE became effective in 1992. Between 1993 and 1995, EPA required your water supplier to collect water samples every 3 months for one year and analyze them to find out if cis- and trans-1,2-DCE is present above 0.5 ppb. If it is present above this level, the system must continue to monitor this contaminant.
What is 1,2-DCE used for?
What is 1,2-DCE and how is it used? 1,2-Dichloroethylene (1,2-DCE) is an odorless organic liquid that has two slightly different forms, a "cis" form and a "trans" form. Both the cis and trans forms - usually as a mixture - are used as a solvent for waxes and resins; in the extraction of rubber; as a refrigerant;
What happens if 1,2-dichloroethylenes are released into the groundwater?
If 1,2-dichloroethylenes are released on soil, it should evaporate and leach into the groundwater where it will break down very slowly. If released to water, they will mainly evaporate. Neither of the two forms of this contaminant are likely to accumulate in aquatic life.
Why is 1,2 DCE being regulated?
Why is 1,2-DCE being Regulated? In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine safe levels of chemicals in drinking water which do or may cause health problems.
What happens if the levels of cis- and trans-1,2-DCE exceed their MCLs?
If the levels of cis- and trans-1,2-DCE exceed their MCLs, the system must notify the public via newspapers, radio, TV and other means. Additional actions, such as providing alternative drinking water supplies, may be required to prevent serious risks to public health. Drinking Water Standards:
Can 1,2-Dichloroethylene be used in drinking water?
1,2-Dichloroethylene (1,2-DCE) Water Can Heal! This is a factsheet about a chemical that may be found in some public or private drinking water supplies. It may cause health problems if found in amounts greater than the health standard set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Is cis-DCE a long term drug?
Long-term: Both cis- and trans-1,2-DCE have the potential to cause liver, circulatory and nervous system damage from long-term exposure at levels above the MCL. The trans form is approximately twice as potent as the cis form in its ability to depress the central nervous system.
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How much 1,2 dichloroethane was released in 1993?
Production of 1,2-dichloroethane was 18 billion lbs. in 1993. It is released in waste water, spills, and/or improper disposal primarily from its use as a cleaning solvent, in making other organics, and in pesticides. From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxics Release Inventory, releases to water and land totalled over 455,000 lbs.
What are the health effects of 1,2 dichloroethane?
Short-term: EPA has found 1,2-dichloroethane to potentially cause the following health effects when people are exposed to it at levels above the MCL for relatively short periods of time: central nervous system disorders, and adverse lung, kidney, liver circulatory and gastrointestinal effects. Long-term: 1,2-Dichloroethane has ...
Why is the MCL set at 5 parts per billion?
The MCL has been set at 5 parts per billion (ppb) because EPA believes, given present technology and resources, this is the lowest level to which water systems can reasonably be required to remove this contaminant should it occur in drinking water.
What is 1,2 DCA?
What is 1,2-DCA and how is it used? 1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) is a colorless, oily, organic liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor. The greatest use of 1,2-dichloroethane is in making chemicals involved in plastics, rubber and synthetic textile fibers.
Does 1,2 dichloroethane accumulate in fish?
There is little degradation by microbes. 1,2-Dichloroethane is not expected to accumulate in fish.
What is the cis DCE?
In the microbial reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE), dechlorinators usually produce cis -1,2-dichloroethene ( cis -DCE) as the predominant product or an intermediate. This study shows that dechlorination of PCE and TCE can also lead to the generation of trans -1,2-dichloroethene ( trans -DCE) by a co-culture MB. During its enrichment process, the ratio of trans - to cis -DCE increased from 1.4 (±0.1):1–3.7 (±0.4):1, whereas the TCE reductive dechlorination rate went up from ∼ 26.2 to ∼ 68.8 μmol l −1 day −1. PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) revealed that the increased ratio of trans - / cis -DCE was well correlated with the increased proportions of Dehalococcoides and the disappearance of Desulfuromonas during the enrichment process. As shown by PCR-DGGE, similar Dehalococcoides species were consistently present in another three sediment-free cultures with various trans - /cis-DCE ratios. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this Dehalococcoides sp. in co-culture MB is 100% identical (over 1489 bp) to that of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 (CP000027), which belongs to the Cornell subgroup of the Dehalococcoides cluster. The other bacterium in this co-culture MB was a Sedimentibacter species, which showed no PCE or TCE dechlorination activity. Results from this study show that microbial dechlorination of chloroethenes by this particular subgroup of Dehalococcoides could result in significant accumulation of trans -DCE in the environment if no trans -DCE dechlorinators coexist in the contaminated sites.
What is the name of the solvent that is released into the environment?
Large quantities of chlorinated organic solvents tetrachloroethene (P CE) and trichloroethene (TCE) have been released into the environment because of their widespread usage (for example, metal degreasing or dry cleaning) ( Abelson, 1990 ). Under anaerobic conditions, PCE and TCE can be dechlorinated to dichloroethenes (DCEs) by a variety of microbes (for example, Dehalobacter, Desulfuromonas, Sulfurospirillum and Dehalococcoides) ( Maymó-Gatell et al., 1997; He et al., 2003b, 2005; Duhamel et al., 2004; Smidt and de Vos, 2004; Sung et al., 2006 ). However, only Dehalococcoides species are involved in the complete reductive dechlorination of PCE/TCE beyond DCEs to vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene ( Smidt and de Vos, 2004 ). The functional reductive dehalogenase (RDase) genes in Dehalococcoides sp. code for proteins that catalyze these dechlorination steps, such as pceA (for PCE-to-TCE), tceA (for TCE-to-VC), bvcA and vcrA (for DCEs-to-ethene) genes ( Magnuson et al., 1998; Krajmalnik-Brown et al., 2004; Müller et al., 2004 ). In particular, Dehalococcoides sp. strains, BAV1 and FL2, are able to dechlorinate all DCE isomers to VC or ethene ( He et al., 2003b, 2005 ). Multiple Dehalococcoide s strains have also been found in mixed cultures that work together to dechlorinate PCE completely to ethene ( Hölscher et al., 2004; Waller et al., 2005; Holmes et al., 2006 ). To date, the characterized PCE and TCE dechlorinators usually produce cis -1,2-dichloroethene ( cis -DCE) predominantly and trans -1,2-dichloroethene ( trans -DCE) negligibly ( Smidt and de Vos, 2004 ). However, trans -DCE was found in at least 563 sites of the 1430 National Priority List Superfund sites identified by the US Environmental Protection Agency, whereas cis -DCE was detected only in 146 locations ( ATSDR, 2007 ). Ratios of trans - / cis -DCE ranging from (1 to 7):1 have been documented in the TCE-contaminated subsurface of the Naval Air Force Station (Fort Worth, TX, USA) ( http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5176/) and in the TCE-contaminated wells of Key West, Florida ( SWMU9, 2002 ). Significant amounts of trans -DCE were also detected at concentrations of up to 18 000 μg l –1 in groundwater samples taken from the upper tertiary aquifer in Bitterfeld (Germany) ( Nijenhuis et al., 2007 ). The accumulated trans -DCE in the chloroethene-contaminated sites tends to persist and disperse in the subsurface ( He et al., 2003a; Smidt and de Vos, 2004 ), hindering the complete removal of chloroethenes.
What is PCR DGGE?
PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ( PCR-DGGE) analyses were carried out for both universal bacterial 16S rRNA gene (with the primer pair 341F-GC and 534R) and Dehalococcoides -specific 16S rRNA gene fragments (1F-GC and 259R primer set) with a touch-down thermal program as previously described ( Duhamel et al., 2004 ). PCR-amplified fragments were electrophoresed on an 8% polyacrylamide gel with a 30–60% urea–formamide gradient for 16 h at 120 V and 60 °C.