Full Answer
What is exophoria and how is it treated?
Exophoria is a condition in which your eyes drift outward out of your control. It usually appears for a short time while you’re doing certain types of tasks. It’s not a serious condition and can be corrected with the right treatment. What Is Exophoria?
What are the treatment options for exophthalmos?
For most other problems that cause exophthalmos, treatment will vary, depending on the underlying cause. For example, if you have an infection affecting the tissue in your eye socket, such as cellulitis, an eye specialist may prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. They may also need to drain any abscesses that have developed.
What is exophoria and how does it affect your eyes?
With exophoria, one of your eyes drifts so far out of coordination with the other that your brain can’t blend the two images. Exophoria symptoms usually first appear early in life, from elementary to high school.
What are the side effects of exophthalmos?
However, possible side effects may include: in rare cases, damage to the layer of tissue at the back of your eye (sight-threatening retinopathy) In some cases, surgery may be considered as a treatment for exophthalmos if you have severe or persistent symptoms.
What is endophytic tumor?
Endophytic tumors were defined when the tumor growth appeared prin- cipally to be below the surface epithelium. These are gross observations made by two observers.
What is considered a large kidney tumor?
T2: The tumor is found only in the kidney and is larger than 7 cm at its largest area. T2a: The tumor is only in the kidney and is more than 7 cm but not more than 10 cm at its largest area. T2b: The tumor is only in the kidney and is more than 10 cm at its largest area.
What is an Exophytic tumour?
Exophytic hepatic mass or tumour is a lesion which predominantly lies outside the margins of liver but originates from within the liver.
What is papillary renal cell carcinoma?
Papillary renal cell carcinoma, or PRCC, is a type of kidney cancer. The kidneys work by removing waste products from the blood. Papillary renal cell carcinoma is a cancer of the tubes that filter those waste products from the blood.
Can a CT scan tell if a tumor is benign?
Cysts that appear uniform after examination by ultrasound or a computerized tomography (CT) scan are almost always benign and should simply be observed. If the cyst has solid components, it may be benign or malignant and should have further evaluation.
How serious is a tumor on your kidney?
Benign, or noncancerous kidney tumors grow in size but do not spread to other parts of the body and are not usually life-threatening. Surgical removal is the most common treatment and most tumors do you come back.
What does Exophytic mean in medical terms?
Medical Definition of exophytic : tending to grow outward beyond the surface epithelium from which it originates —used of tumors — compare endophytic.
Are benign tumors Exophytic?
Various benign and malignant hepatic tumors may show exophytic growth.
How serious is a mass on the liver?
Noncancerous, or benign, liver tumors are common. They do not spread to other areas of the body, and they usually do not pose a serious health risk.
How long can you live with renal cell carcinoma?
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy and represents 2–3% of all cancers in adults. At the time of diagnosis 23% of the patients have metastatic disease. Untreated patients with metastatic cancer have a median survival of 6 to 12 months and a 5-year survival rate less than 20 percent.
What is the best treatment for renal cell carcinoma?
Surgical resection remains the only known effective treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma, and it also is used for palliation in metastatic disease. Partial or radical nephrectomy may be used, depending on tumor and patient characteristics. Open, laparoscopic, or robotic surgical techniques may be used.
How fast does papillary renal cell carcinoma grow?
The average tumor growth rate was 0.80 (range, 0.16-3.80) cm/year. Clear cell carcinoma (0.86 cm/year) tended to grow faster than papillary cell carcinoma (0.28 cm/year) (P = 0.066). The mean growth rate of grade 2 tumors (0.88 cm/year) was faster than that of grade 1 tumors (0.36 cm/year) (P = 0.041).
Why does my esophagus scar?
One of the causes of esophageal strictures is gastroesophageal reflux disease, a condition in which excessive acid is refluxed from the stomach up into the esophagus. This causes inflammation in the lower part of the esophagus. Scarring will result after repeated inflammatory injury and healing, re-injury and re-healing.
What is esophageal stricture?
An esophageal stricture is a gradual narrowing of the esophagus, which can lead to swallowing difficulties. Doctors diagnose it in about 10 percent of their patients who have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). 1. webphotographeer / Getty Images.
What tests are done to determine if a stricture is present?
8 If a stricture is present, the barium will move slowly or may get stuck. Endoscopy exam: This is ...
What happens if you have stricture esophageal?
Weight loss. If your esophageal stricture is from GERD, you may also experience heartburn, stomach or chest pain, bad breath, burning sensation in your throat or mouth, cough, sore throat, or a change in your voice. 7 .
Why is my esophagus narrowing?
Besides GERD, there are other causes of esophageal narrowing, such as: Prolonged use of a nasogastric tube (this increases acid levels in the esophagus) 2 . Viral or bacterial infections that cause esophagitis and then a stricture. Prior surgery on the esophagus (for example, for esophageal cancer)
How is the esophagus stretched?
In this procedure, the esophagus is stretched by the use of a mechanical dilator or a balloon dilator, which is passed through an endoscope. 9 There is a very low rate of serious complications related to esophageal dilation; when they do occur, they include bleeding and perforation (when a hole forms in the esophagus).
What is the best medication to prevent strictures from returning?
Proton pump inhibitors, such as Prilosec (omeprazole), Ne xium (lansoprazole) or AcipHex (rabeprazole), can also keep strictures from returning. These are usually prescribed after the procedure if a person is not already taking one.
How to treat exophthalmos?
Surgery. In some cases, surgery may be considered as a treatment for exophthalmos if you have severe or persistent symptoms. For example, surgery might be used to improve the appearance of your eyes if exophthalmos has been in the inactive phase for a few months.
What type of surgery is done for exophthalmos?
There are 3 main types of surgery that may be done on people with exophthalmos, although it's unusual for someone to have all 3. These include: orbital decompression surgery, where a small amount of bone is removed from 1 or both of your eye sockets.
How to get rid of puffiness around eyes?
using extra pillows in bed at night to help reduce some of the puffiness around your eyes. wearing sunglasses if you have sensitivity to light (photophobia) trying to avoid exposing your eyes to irritants such as dust. using eye drops to help relieve soreness and moisten your eyes if you have dry eyes.
What is the treatment for bulging eyes?
Treatment for bulging eyes (exophthalmos) depends on what is causing the problem. An eye specialist (ophthalmologist) may sometimes advise you that immediate treatment is not necessary. They may recommend regular examinations to monitor your condition.
What to do if you have a tumor behind your eye?
They may also need to drain any abscesses that have developed. If you have a tumour behind your eye, your doctor will discuss treatment options with you. For most types of cancer, treatment involves one or more of the following: chemotherapy – where medicine is used to kill the cancerous cells.
Why do people need orbital decompression surgery?
Orbital decompression surgery is most often done to improve the appearance of the eyes in people with thyroid eye disease who are affected by exophthalmos. It may also be required to reduce pressure on the optic nerve.
Which drugs are effective against smallpox?
Cidofovir and Brincidofovir. In laboratory tests, cidofovir and brincidofovir have been shown to be effective against the virus that causes smallpox and to be effective in treating animals that had diseases similar to smallpox.
What is tecovirimat used for?
Tecovirimat has been used in the treatment of severe adverse events to vaccinia vaccination ; however, there are limited efficacy data in humans. Tecovirimat’s effectiveness against smallpox was established with in vitro studies using related orthopoxviruses as well as variola. Efficacy of tecovirimat treatment has also been demonstrated within multiple animal model studies measuring survival in animals infected with either variola virus or other closely related orthopoxviruses. Furthermore, treatment with tecovirimat minimized signs of morbidity as well as protected from mortality within prairie dogs challenged with monkeypox virus. The safety of tecovirimat was evaluated in 359 healthy human volunteers.
What is the best treatment for emphysema?
Oral treatments for emphysema. In addition to using an inhaler, people with emphysema may be prescribed an oral steroid like prednisone. Antibiotics are also popular treatments, preventing infections that can lead to dangerous conditions like pneumonia. Mucolytic agents are sometimes prescribed to help lessen mucous.
What is the best medicine for cystic fibrosis?
to help liquefy mucus in cystic fibrosis. This may help people who are experiencing mucus-related symptoms as well. Healthcare professionals sometimes recommend grape-seed extract, which is believed to protect smokers from further cell damage.
What is the best medicine for mucus?
Mucolytic agents are sometimes prescribed to help lessen mucous. These treatments come in the form of expectorants. Expectorants are medications that help bring mucus up from the lungs. Mucinex and Robitussin are popular over-the-counter versions.
What is the medical term for emphysema?
Treating emphysema. Emphysema is one of two conditions grouped under the more general term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The other is chronic bronchitis. Emphysema causes the air sacs in your lungs to deteriorate.
Do people with emphysema need oxygen?
Many people who have emphysema will eventually need to use an oxygen treatment every day. As the disease progresses, the need for oxygen often increases. Some will eventually require oxygen all the time. Not everyone with emphysema requires the large mobile tank often associated with oxygen supplementation.
Can bronchodilators be used for emphysema?
Bronchodilators may be used for short-term use for those needing quick relief from symptoms, or for long-term daily use. Steroids can also be used to treat emphysema. Your doctor may prescribe corticosteroids in an inhaler form. Corticosteroids relieve symptoms by reducing inflammation.
Can emphysema be treated?
This causes tissue injury and death, and is eventually fatal. There’s no cure for emphysema, but treatments are available to relieve symptoms and prevent further lung damage.
What is the goal of bullectomy?
The goal is to take out your nonworking air sacs so it’s easier to breathe. This is major surgery, so your heart has to be strong and the rest of your lungs need to be healthy before you can have it. You’ll also need to quit smoking and complete a pulmonary rehabilitation program before the operation. Bullectomy.
What is the name of the lungs that press against healthy parts of the lung?
In rare cases, air sacs in the lungs caused by emphysema grow larger and can press against healthy parts of the lung. These oversized sacs are called bullae.
Can emphysema be cured?
Emphysema can’t be cured, but there are a number of treatments that relieve symptoms by making it easier for you to breathe. They can also prevent other problems and keep the disease from getting worse. This article deals with some of the most common treatments.
Does phosphodiesterase 4 work?
Newer oral drugs called phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors have also proved to work in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ). A number of clinical trials showed the PDE-4 drug Roflumilast improved lung function when used with bronchodilator therapy.
Can you take oxygen if you have emphysema?
As your emphysema progresses, you may need extra oxygen to help you breathe on your own. Your doctor will prescribe how much oxygen you need and when you should be taking it. You can take supplemental oxygen in one of the following three ways: Oxygen concentrator.
Can you take bronchodilators for emphysema?
If your emphysema symptoms are mild, your doctor may recommend you take short-acting bronchodilators during flare ups. As your symptoms get worse, you may have to take daily doses of long-acting bronchodilators. Anticholinergics stop the muscles around your airways from tightening.
What is the treatment for hair follicles?
Electrolysis (pronounced ih-lek-TROL-uh-sis ), laser hair removal, and intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy are other options, but they are often expensive and may require multiple treatments. 1 Electrolysis uses an electric current applied to each hair follicle to destroy its root.
What is the first step for women with polycystic ovary syndrome?
In many cases, the first action that health care providers recommend for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is that they make specific lifestyle changes.
What is the pill for PCOs?
Also called birth control pills or "the Pill," hormonal contraceptives can be used for the long-term treatment of women with PCOS who do not wish to become pregnant, 1 and in fact they are the primary treatment for these women. Oral contraceptive pills contain a combination of the hormones estrogen and progestin. In women with PCOS, these hormones: 1
How do medications help with PCOs?
1, 11 In women with PCOS, these medications can help: Clear acne and reduce hair growth. Improve weight loss. Lower cholesterol levels. Make periods more regular.
What is the best treatment for acne?
Retinoids (pronounced RET-n-oids ), antibac terial agents, and antibiotics may be used to treat acne. These products may be available in pills, creams, or gels. The specific treatment depends on the severity of the acne and how long it has been visible.
What is the best treatment for sepsis?
Supportive care. People who have sepsis often receive supportive care that includes oxygen. Depending on your condition, you may need to have a machine help you breathe. If your kidneys have been affected, you may need to have dialysis.
How to treat septic shock?
A number of medications are used in treating sepsis and septic shock. They include: 1 Antibiotics. Treatment with antibiotics begins as soon as possible. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are effective against a variety of bacteria, are usually used first. After learning the results of blood tests, your doctor may switch to a different antibiotic that's targeted to fight the particular bacteria causing the infection. 2 Intravenous fluids. The use of intravenous fluids begins as soon as possible. 3 Vasopressors. If your blood pressure remains too low even after receiving intravenous fluids, you may be given a vasopressor medication. This drug constricts blood vessels and helps increase blood pressure.
What antibiotics are effective against a variety of bacteria?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are effective against a variety of bacteria, are usually used first. After learning the results of blood tests, your doctor may switch to a different antibiotic that's targeted to fight the particular bacteria causing the infection. Intravenous fluids.
Overview
A kidney cyst is a round or oval fluid-filled pouch with a well-defined outline. Kidney cysts typically grow on the surface of a kidney, although some may develop inside your kidney.
Symptoms
Simple kidney cysts typically don't cause signs or symptoms. If a simple kidney cyst grows large enough, symptoms may include:
Causes
It's not clear what causes simple kidney cysts. One theory suggests that kidney cysts develop when the surface layer of the kidney weakens and forms a pouch (diverticulum). The pouch then fills with fluid, detaches and develops into a cyst.
Risk factors
The risk of having simple kidney cysts increases as you get older, though they can occur at any age. Simple kidney cysts are more common in men.
