How are antidotes used in the treatment of toxic metabolites?
Once toxic metabolites are formed, antidotes may be used to either mop up the toxic metabolite or convert the metabolites into a less toxic form (Table 3).
What is the antidote for ethylene glycol in dogs?
Timely intervention is critical because if the antidote is delayed more than 3 hours after exposure in cats or 8 hours in dogs, the prognosis is poor. The two antidotes for ethylene glycol poisonings are 1) a medication called fomepizole or 2) ethanol, the type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks.
What are the mechanisms of antidotal therapy in toxicology?
Thus, four basic mechanisms (Fig. 1) guide antidotal therapy in toxicology that result in the alteration of the toxin load and the duration of exposure and elevate the victim's threshold for toxicity.
What are some examples of antidotes to poison?
Some examples of antidotes include: Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning. Activated charcoal for most poisons. Atropine for organophosphates and carbamates. Digoxin immune fab for digoxin toxicity. Dimercaprol for arsenic, gold, or inorganic mercury poisoning. Flumazenil for benzodiazepine overdose.
What is the antidote for organophosphate toxicity VTNE?
Pralidoxime is a medication used in the management and treatment of organophosphate poisoning.
Which of the following medications should be used with caution in cats as it could cause blindness?
The use of fluoroquinolones in cats has been reported to adversely affect the retina and should be used with caution in cats. Blindness has also been reported post-approval in cats.
Which of the following drugs should not be given to any animal intended for human consumption?
Which of the following drugs should not be given to any animal intended for human consumption? Chloramphenicol should never be given to a food producing animal and is banned for such use due to the potential to cause irreversible aplastic anemia in humans.
Which of the following drugs should be used with extreme caution in ruminants?
Repeated doses of opioids, especially morphine, should be used with extreme caution to avoid side effects, especially ileus in ruminants. Butorphanol, and less commonly morphine, have been reported to cause excitement in ruminants.
What does metronidazole treat in cats?
It is often used to treat diarrhea and other intestinal problems. The use of metronidazole to treat Giardia infections and most other infections in dogs, cats, small mammals, birds, reptiles, and other animals is off-label. Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off-label use in veterinary medicine.
What is Marbofloxacin used for?
Marbofloxacin (brand names: Zeniquin®, Aristos®, Boflox®, Forcyl®, Kelacyl®, Marbocyl®, Aurizon®) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, especially those in the bladder, kidneys, prostate, or skin.
What is the animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act?
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994 - Amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to allow, on order of a veterinarian: (1) a new animal drug approved for one use to be used for a different purpose other than a use in or on animal feed; and (2) a new drug approved for human use to be used in animals ...
What is ivermectin used for in animals?
Ivermectin is FDA-approved for use in animals for prevention of heartworm disease in some small animal species, and for treatment of certain internal and external parasites in various animal species.
What does ivermectin treat in dogs?
What is ivermectin? Ivermectin is most commonly used as a heartworm preventive in dogs and cats. It also used 'off label' or 'extra-label' for treating a variety of internal and external parasites.
What is Medetomidine used for?
The pharmacological restraint and pain relief provided by medetomidine facilitates handling dogs and aids in the conduct of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. It also facilitates minor surgical procedures (with or without local anesthesia) and dental care where intubation is not required.
Can dogs take Flagyl?
Metronidazole (Flagyl) is a popular antibiotic a vet may prescribe for a dog to treat diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, or gum disease. The most common side effect of metronidazole is diarrhea, even though it can be prescribed to treat diarrhea.
Is enrofloxacin the same as ciprofloxacin?
Ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin have similar modes of action, ciprofloxacin's absorption to the body from the bloodstream in pets can be variable and significantly less than enrofloxacin.
What is the mechanism of action of antidotes?
Mechanism of action of antidotes. Reduction in free toxin level can be achieved by specific and non-specific agents that bind to the toxin. The most commonly used non-specific binding agent is activated charcoal. Specific binders include chelating agents, bioscavenger therapy and immunotherapy.
Why is activated charcoal considered a nonspecific antidote?
Activated charcoal has been included in the list of nonspecific antidotes because it can decrease the toxin levels by its high adsorption capacity and by interrupting the enterohepatic recirculation of the toxin.
How do antidotes work?
Antidotes act by four predominant mechanisms; (A) Direct action on the toxin involves specific and nonspecific binding and enhanced elimination. Specific binding can be achieved by chelation (e.g., heavy metals), immunotherapy (e.g., digoxin), and bioscavenger therapy (e.g., organophosphorus (OP) compounds). Nonspecific binding occurs ...
What drugs are used to counteract the end-organ effects of organophosphorus poisoning?
Drugs such as atropine and magnesium are used to counteract the end-organ effects in organophosphorus poisoning.
What is an antidote?
Antidotes are agents that negate the effect of a poison or toxin. Antidotes mediate its effect either by preventing the absorption of the toxin, by binding and neutralizing the poison, antagonizing its end-organ effect, or by inhibition of conversion of the toxin to more toxic metabolites. Antidote administration may not only result in ...
What is an example of competitive enzyme inhibition?
The classical example of competitive enzyme inhibition is the use of ethyl alcohol or fomepizole in methyl alcohol or ethylene glycol poisoning. These agents act by competing with methyl alcohol20and ethylene glycol21for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), thereby decreasing the formation of toxic metabolites.
What is the FDA approved treatment for arsenic, gold, and mercury poisoning?
Dimercaprol (British anti-Lewisite) FDA-approved treatment for arsenic, gold, and mercury poisoning. Also approved for lead poisoning in combination with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) Sulfhydryl group combines with heavy metals to form relatively stable, nontoxic, soluble chelates that are excreted in urine.
What is the best antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning?
It is also very interesting that the antidote for ethylene glycol toxicity can include clear hard liquors, such as vodka or Everclear®.
What is the best antidote for a veteran?
Commercially made pharmaceutical antidotes (i.e., fomepizole) are the preferred treatment choice; however, this drug can be expensive and some veterinary hospitals do not carry it. Because of its low cost and ease of availability, alcohol (ethanol) is the antidote of choice for some veterinarians.
How to tell if a dog is intoxicated by ethylene glycol?
It is important to recognize the signs that accompany ethylene glycol poisoning with your dog or cat. Within 30 minutes of ingestion, they may resemble a person who has had too much to alcohol drink. Incoordination, excessive urination, excessive thirst, vomiting, and lethargy are amongst the first signs to appear. Within 24 hours, some animals show apparent improvement which may prevent pet owners from realizing that their pet is in real danger. Unfortunately, during this time of “improvement”, the animal is starting to suffer internal organ damage—specifically to the kidneys. Additionally, their breathing and heart rate will elevate, they may develop acidosis (the pH of their blood decreases), and dehydration typically sets in. The final stage of toxicity includes lethargy, anorexia, seizures, coma, depression, and severe kidney dysfunction (which cause the animal to be unable to produce urine). The final symptom is death. Without medical treatment, your pet may perish.
What to do if my dog ingests ethylene glycol?
Treatment. If your pet ingested ethylene glycol antifreeze recently enough, the one of the first steps in treatment may be to induce vomiting , provided the pet is not yet suffering neurological impairment. The next most critical step is to start the antidote.
How long does it take for a blood test to show ethylene glycol?
Blood tests can be difficult to interpret and must occur within 8-12 hours of ingestion in order to provide a reliable result. Another way to detect ethylene glycol toxicity is by examination of the urine. Calcium oxalate crystals, shed by the kidney, can be observed in the urine after ethylene glycol ingestion.
How long after exposure to antidote for dogs?
The next most critical step is to start the antidote. Timely intervention is critical because if the antidote is delayed more than 3 hours after exposure in cats or 8 hours in dogs, the prognosis is poor.
What happens to an animal during the improvement phase?
Unfortunately, during this time of “improvement”, the animal is starting to suffer internal organ damage —specifically to the kidneys. Additionally, their breathing and heart rate will elevate, they may develop acidosis (the pH of their blood decreases), and dehydration typically sets in.