Full Answer
What does OV stand for in ov healthcare?
OV Healthcare Abbreviation 1 OV Office Visit Medical, Veterinary, Technology Medical, Veterinary, Technology 1 OV oncovirus Treatment, Medical, Health Treatment, Medical, Health
What is the function of the OV in cancer?
Second, the OV must replicate and spread efficiently in the tumor bed, causing oncolysis and release of tumor selective immune stimulating molecules. Third, the OV must function as an immunotherapeutic agent to activate strong innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune responses.
Can radiotherapy be combined with ov therapy?
However, due to OVs limited success, radiotherapy plus OVs have been studied as a combination therapy in preclinical models and a limited number of clinical trials. Oncolytic VACV, HSV, VSV, and adenovirus have shown therapeutic benefits combined with RT [100,101,102].
What types of cancer can be treated with ov drugs?
The positive results from these early studies led to the start of clinical trials on several types of aggressive tumors such as the brain, pancreatic, breast, melanoma, ovarian, and myeloma using OVs with standard chemotherapeutics drugs, for example, cisplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, and doxycycline.
Is capecitabine a chemotherapy?
Capecitabine is a type of chemotherapy. It is used as a treatment for different types of cancer, including bowel cancer. You might have capecitabine on its own or with other chemotherapy drugs. You might also have it with radiotherapy.
Can oncolytic virus cause cancer?
After infection, these oncolytic viruses can cause cancer cells to “burst”—killing the cancer cells and releasing cancer antigens. These antigens can then stimulate immune responses that can seek out and eliminate any remaining tumor cells nearby and potentially anywhere else in the body.
What is the most effective treatment for ovarian cancer?
Surgery is the main treatment for ovarian cancer, recommended primarily when the vast majority of the cancer or affected tissue can be removed successfully. Some early-stage ovarian patients may undergo minimally-invasive procedures to remove ovarian tumors and/or preserve fertility.
How does oncolytic virus therapy treatment work?
“The oncolytic virus kills tumor cells and causes the release of danger signals, which help to generate an immune response,” explained Dr. Kaufman, who co-led the clinical trial that led to the approval of T-VEC.
What stops cancer cells from growing?
Histone deacetylase inhibitors are also called HDAC inhibitors or HDIs. They block the action of a group of enzymes that remove chemicals called acetyl groups from particular proteins. This can stop the cancer cell from using some genes that would help it to grow and divide. This might kill the cancer cell completely.
Can your body fight cancer on its own?
Cancer is traditionally treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. But a number of studies in recent years have demonstrated that our own body might be able to fight the disease, using the immune system to target and kill cancer cells. Immune system cells circulate the body like police officers on patrol.
Can ovarian cancer be cured completely?
Around two in ten women with advanced-stage ovarian cancer are effectively cured and survive at least 12 years after the treatment as per the research. Your response to cancer therapy and chances for a cure depend on the type and the staging of ovarian cancer at the time of diagnosis.
What is the latest treatment for ovarian cancer?
The FDA recently approved Zejula as frontline maintenance treatment (treatment given to prevent or delay recurrence) for patients who have had a complete or partial response (their cancer has diminished or disappeared entirely) to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy.
Can you live 20 years after ovarian cancer?
They may go on to live for many more years. For all types of ovarian cancer taken together, about 75% of women with ovarian cancer live for at least one year after diagnosis. Around 46% of the women with ovarian cancer can live five years after diagnosis if the cancer is detected in earlier stages.
How effective are oncolytic viruses?
In subgroup analyses, the objective response rate benefit was observed in patients treated with oncolytic DNA viruses (odds ratio (OR) = 4.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.96–8.33; p = 0.0002), but not in those treated with oncolytic RNA viruses (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.66–1.52, p = 0.99).
How do tumors shrink in the body?
“Chemotherapy can reduce tumors by 95 percent, but if you have just one cell left, it can come back. So you can use [chemotherapy] to buy time, to really shrink the tumor if it's far advanced, and then use the immune drugs,” Lanier said.
Which viruses are oncolytic?
Today, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, measles viruses, coxsackie viruses, polioviruses, reoviruses, poxviruses, and Newcastle disease viruses, among others, are some of the oncolytic viruses under preclinical and clinical development for cancer therapy [56].
Oncolytic Virus Therapy Treatment Options
There is currently one oncolytic virus therapy approved by the FDA for the treatment of cancer:
Side Effects
Side effects may vary according to the type of oncolytic virus—and what exactly it targets—and may also be influenced by the location and type of cancer as well as a patient’s overall health.
What is T-VEC?
In 2015, talimogene laherparepvec (OncoVex, T-VEC), an oncolytic herpes virus which is a modified herpes simplex virus, became the first oncolytic virus to be approved for use in the U.S. and European Union, for the treatment of advanced inoperable melanoma.
Why is VACV considered a biotherapeutic agent?
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably the most successful live biotherapeutic agent because of its critical role in the eradication of smallpox, one of the most deadly diseases in human history. Long before the smallpox eradication campaign was launched, VACV was exploited as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.
What is the name of the virus that kills cancer cells?
Oncolytic virus. An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release new infectious virus particles or virions to help destroy the remaining tumour. Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, ...
How is directed evolution used in drug development?
An innovative approach of drug development termed " directed evolution " involves the creation of new viral variants or serotypes specifically directed against tumour cells via rounds of directed selection using large populations of randomly generated recombinant precursor viruses. The increased biodiversity produced by the initial homologous recombination step provides a large random pool of viral candidates which can then be passed through a series of selection steps designed to lead towards a pre-specified outcome (e.g. higher tumor specific activity) without requiring any previous knowledge of the resultant viral mechanisms that are responsible for that outcome. The pool of resultant oncolytic viruses can then be further screened in pre-clinical models to select an oncolytic virus with the desired therapeutic characteristics.
When did viruses become anti-cancer agents?
The potential of viruses as anti-cancer agents was first realised in the early twentieth century, although coordinated research efforts did not begin until the 1960s. A number of viruses including adenovirus, reovirus, measles, herpes simplex, Newcastle disease virus, and vaccinia have been clinically tested as oncolytic agents.
Is VSV a non-fatal virus?
In nature, VSV infects insects as well as livestock, where it causes a relatively localized and non-fatal illness. The low pathogenicity of this virus is due in large part to its sensitivity to interferons, a class of proteins that are released into the tissues and bloodstream during infection.
What is local treatment for ovarian cancer?
Some treatments are local, meaning they treat the tumor without affecting the rest of the body. Types of local therapy used for ovarian cancer include: Surgery for Ovarian Cancer. Radiation Therapy for Ovarian Cancer.
What kind of doctor treats ovarian cancer?
Based on your treatment options, you might have different types of doctors on your treatment team. These doctors could include: 1 A gynecologic oncologist: a gynecology doctor who is specially trained to use surgery to treat ovarian cancer; many times they are also the ones to give chemotherapy and other medicines to treat ovarian cancer 2 A radiation oncologist: a doctor who uses radiation to treat cancer 3 A medical oncologist: a doctor who uses chemotherapy and other medicines to treat cancer
Can alternative treatments help with cancer?
Alternative treatments are used instead of a doctor’s medical treatment. Although some of these methods might be helpful in relieving symptoms or helping you feel better, many have not been proven to work. Some might even be harmful. Be sure to talk to your cancer care team about any method you are thinking about using.
Is treatment information given here official policy of the American Cancer Society?
The treatment information given here is not official policy of the American Cancer Society and is not intended as medical advice to replace the expertise and judgment of your cancer care team. It is intended to help you and your family make informed decisions, together with your doctor.
Is ovarian cancer a systemic disease?
Drugs used to treat ovarian cancer are considered systemic therapies because they can reach cancer cells almost anywhere in the body. They can be given by mouth or put directly into the bloodstream.
What was the original Ovsynch?
The original Ovsynch called for three sequential hormonal treatments to control ovarian function. In the first Ovsynch field trial, which used only timed A.I. without estrous detection, days to first A.I. and days open dropped. However, P/A.I. remained the same.
How long after G2 do cows ovulate?
All cows ovulated to the second GnRH (G2) by 24 to 32 hours after G2. To assess the effect of A.I. timing relative to a synchronized ovulation, lactating dairy cows were bred at zero, eight, 16, 24 or 32 hours relative to G2. Overall, cows in the zero-, eight-, 16- and 24-hour treatments had more P/A.I. than cows in the 32-hour treatment.
History
Mechanisms of Action
- Immunotherapy
With advances in cancer immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, increased attention has been given to using oncolytic viruses to increase antitumor immunity.There are two main considerations of the interaction between oncolytic viruses and the immune system.
Oncolytic Behaviour of Wild-Type Viruses
- Vaccinia virus
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably the most successful live biotherapeutic agent because of its critical role in the eradication of smallpox, one of the most deadly diseases in human history. Long before the smallpox eradication campaign was launched, VACV was exploited as a therap… - Vesicular stomatitis virus
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a rhabdovirus, consisting of 5 genes encoded by a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome. In nature, VSV infects insects as well as livestock, where it causes a relatively localized and non-fatal illness. The low pathogenicity of this virus is due in lar…
Engineering Oncolytic Viruses
- Directed evolution
An innovative approach of drug development termed "directed evolution" involves the creation of new viral variants or serotypes specifically directed against tumour cells via rounds of directed selection using large populations of randomly generated recombinant precursor viruses. The inc… - Attenuation
Attenuation involves deleting viral genes, or gene regions, to eliminate viral functions that are expendable in tumour cells, but not in normal cells, thus making the virus safer and more tumour-specific. Cancer cells and virus-infected cells have similar alterations in their cell signalling path…
Approved Therapeutic Agents
- Talimogene laherparepvec (OncoVEX GM-CSF), aka T-vec, by Amgen, successfully completed phase III trials for advanced melanoma in March 2013. In October 2015, the US FDA approved T-VEC, with the bra...
Oncolytic Viruses in Conjunction with Existing Cancer Therapies
- It is in conjunction with conventional cancer therapies that oncolytic viruses have often showed the most promise, since combined therapies operate synergistically with no apparent negative effects.
in Fiction
- In science fiction, the concept of an oncolytic virus was first introduced to the public in Jack Williamson's novel Dragon's Island, published in 1951, although Williamson's imaginary virus was based on a bacteriophage rather than a mammalian virus. Dragon's Island is also known for being the source of the term "genetic engineering". The plot of the Hollywood film I Am Legendis base…
See Also