Crystal Clean’s waste water treatment facilities are leveraged to also function as sites for non-hazardous stabilization, solidifying waste while also generating clean water. Our growing network of facilities process millions of gallons of liquid and semi-solid waste annually as we work towards helping the business world run cleaner.
Full Answer
What is the use of crystallization in wastewater treatment?
The solid formed can be very pure, thus crystallization is also used industrially as a purification process. Salt crystallization, also known as brine treatment, is a very common process in industrial wastewater treatment. In order for crystallization to occur, it is essential that the solution is supersaturated.
What is a stabilization treatment system?
Stabilization treatment systems are generally designed to limit or reduce the ultimate release of hazardous constituents from a waste. Typically, this is accomplished by reducing solubility of the hazardous constituents, by reducing the exposed area that may allow migration of contaminants, or by detoxifying the contaminants themselves.
What makes a stabilization pond suitable for wastewater treatment?
Stabilization ponds suitable for wastewater treatment are those that maintain the right biological conditions for biological interactions and reactions that break down the organic matters and inorganic nutrients. There are five basic types of WSPs.
What is clay stabilization treatment?
Thus, the clay stabilization treatment is aimed at realization of two issues: (1) stabilizing the matrix by strengthening the cementing clays (smectides and illites) against being drifted away by the fluid flow and (2) preventing wettability alteration so that the formation retains its water-wet conditions.
What are the applications of crystallization?
Thus, crystallization also offers an excellent solution in cases where the principal objective is not obtaining a solid, highly pure product, as in the following applications: 1 Treatment of effluents with a high contaminant load 2 Treatment of effluents when conventional techniques are not effective (as is the case with brine) 3 Impossible to dump treated effluents 4 Treatment of effluents with a fluctuating and highly variable composition
Why is crystallization important?
In this case, the principal objective is to separate the contamination present in an effluent from the solvent itself in order to obtain the pure solvent and the contamination in solid form, enabling economic management.
What is the process of nucleation that occurs in the absence of crystals?
If some foreign particles are present, the nucleation is facilitated and the process is known as heterogeneous nucleation. Both homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation occur in the absence of crystals in the solution itself and are collectively known as primary nucleation.
How to use crystallizers that achieve supersaturation through cooling?
Note that in order to use crystallizers that achieve supersaturation through cooling, the solutes must have a solubility curve that significantly decreases with the temperature. Where solubility is only slightly temperature dependent, supersaturation is achieved by evaporating the solvent.
What is the most important stage of crystallization?
The crystallization process is not simple and the most important stage consists of the formation of solid crystals within the liquid. The solution is concentrated and cooled until the solute concentration is higher than the solubility at this temperature and the solute forms almost pure crystals. The growth speed of a crystal is known as ...
How to form the largest and purest crystals?
In order to form the largest and purest crystals possible, the quantity of nuclei being formed must be controlled. If the solution does not contain impurities or crystals of its own type, the nucleus can only be formed by homogenous nucleation.
Which process requires higher supersaturation than is needed for growth?
Both processes occur, if conditions are favourable, in the supersaturated area of the graph. However, nucleation requires higher supersaturation than is needed for growth. The nucleus formation area is known as the unstable zone, while the growth area is known as the metastable zone.
Defining the Public Health and Financial Necessity behind Post-Treatment, and Developing a Roadmap to Stable Water
Operators should not underestimate the economic benefits associated with post-treatment stabilization, as corrosion can increase distribution systems operating expenses. [2] According to a recent AWWA report, the distribution pipes that have been installed over the past 120 years will need to be replaced over the next few decades.
The Role of Alkalinity and Hardness
Alkalinity is a measure of the general buffering capacity of water and one of critical importance related to water stabilization. [15] Therefore increasing alkalinity increases the buffer capacity of the water. [16] Also, increasing alkalinity in most cases mitigate large pH swings in the distribution system.
Case Study – South Blount Tennessee
South Blount Municipality was constructed in 2004. The municipality was the first membrane plant in the state of Tennessee. The plant produces an average of 5.5 million gallons a day. The plant used liquid caustic for final pH adjustment and added 3 mg/L of orthophosphate for corrosion control.
What is biological stabilization?
Biological stabilization utilizes biological (in many cases, microbiological) agents to reduce organic matters in the sludge, a process often termed digestion. There are a variety of digestion techniques, the purpose of which is to reduce, in addition to the amount of organic matter, the number of disease-causing microorganisms present in ...
What is the stabilization of sludge?
Sludge Stabilization. Once the sludge is thickened, two options are available for further treatment of the concentrated sludge. It can be dewatered to a solid content of between 30-40% or it can undergo stabilization processes to reduce the organic materials in the sludge before going to the dewatering step. Coarse primary solids and secondary ...
Why is sludge treated before disposal?
Coarse primary solids and secondary sludge (sometimes called biosolids) accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated before disposal to ensure environmentally responsible and lawful outcome. Sludge is often inadvertently contaminated with toxic organic and inorganic compounds and is nutrient-rich.
How does lime stabilize sludge?
Lime stabilization is achieved when a sufficient amount of lime is added to the sludge to alter the value of pH to a high level (>11) that no microorganisms can survive. A similar lime treatment can be applied after sludge dewatering ...
Why is lime used after dewatering?
Because lime treatment does not destroy or alter any organic matter, in order to prevent future decomposition of organic solids in the sludge, an excessive amount of lime is often required to maintain the high pH value.
What is a wastewater stabilization pond?
Waste Stabilization Ponds. Wastewater lagoons have been used as a process for wastewater treatment for centuries. In the 1920’s artificial ponds were designed and constructed to receive and stabilize wastewater. By 1950, the use of ponds had become recognized as an economical wastewater treatment method for small towns and industries.
What is wastewater treated by?
Here, wastewater is treated by anaerobic bacteria, microscopic organisms, such as certain protozoa, and sludge worms, all of which thrive in anaerobic conditions. Single bond or Faculative bond.
What are the factors that contribute to wastewater treatment?
Throughout facultative lagoons, physical, biological, and chemical processes take place that result in wastewater treatment.
What is a stabilization pond?
Stabilization ponds suitable for wastewater treatment are those that maintain the right biological conditions for biological interactions and reactions that break down the organic matters and inorganic nutrients. There are five basic types of WSPs.
What are the five categories of stabilization ponds?
All use microorganisms to degrade and decontaminate organic and inorganic constituents; the types of organisms as well as the amount of oxygen present in the pond systems differ among the five categories forming the basis for classifying stabilization ponds: • Facultative ponds. • Maturation ponds. • Aerated ponds.
How does a maturation pond work?
Maturation ponds, sometimes also called tertiary-maturation ponds, are low-rate stabilization ponds designed to provide secondary effluent (conventional secondary processes or facultative ponds) polishing and pathogen removal. The mechanism for pathogen removal in maturation ponds is actually simple: the removal of microorganisms (pathogens) is due to natural die-off, predation, sedimentation, and adsorption. The majority of pathogens settle onto the sludge in the bottom of the ponds, thus are removed from effluents. In fact, all pond systems can, to some degree, remove pathogens from wastewaters. In order for maturation ponds to remove pathogens substantially, detention times in these ponds must be long enough for pathogens to settle down in the ponds. There is a risk if the sludge is removed from the maturation ponds; handling of the sludge requires caution and the sludge needs to be treated or kept out of the public access.
What is the treatment phase for algae?
Because algae in the discharged effluent need to be removed, the treatment process usually involves a facultative pond, one or two maturation ponds and a tertiary treatment phase, such as rock filters or intermittent sand filtration for the removal of algae before discharge of the final effluent to an adjacent watercourse.
Where are WSPs used?
WSPs are the most common type of wastewater treatment systems in many other countries; particularly in warmer climates (the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, and Latin America), ponds are commonly used for large populations (up to around 1 million).
Can a wastewater stabilization pond be used alone?
Waste stabilization ponds can be used alone or in combination with other wastewater treatment processes. A typical system consists of several constructed ponds operating in series; treatment of the wastewater occurs as constituents are removed by sedimentation or transformed by biological and chemical processes.
What is crude oil stabilization?
Crude oil or condensate stabilization is the removal of light components from a hydrocarbon liquid to lower its vapor pressure to a desired level. Stabilization may be used to meet a required pipeline sales contract specification or to minimize the vaporization of the hydrocarbon liquid stored in an atmospheric stock-tank. The stabilization process also results in reducing the amount of intermediate hydrocarbon components (propane and butane) that flash to the vapor state, increasing the liquid volume. Thus, it results in both increasing the liquid sales and decreasing the vapor pressure of the liquid.
What is the function of condensate stabilization unit?
The function of this unit is to remove the lightest components from the raw feed and to produce a liquid product, which after mixing with the light condensate from the NGL fractionation unit, will give a stabilized condensate having a Reid vapor pressure of 10 psia in summer and 12 psia in winter as a general specification. Raw condensate is first preheated in the exchanger with the stabilized condensate. The steam flows to the preflash drum that is a three-phase separator.