2.1 Biological treatment method
| Name of enzyme | Producing microbes | Name of dye degraded | pH | Temperature (°C) |
| Laccase | Geobacillus stearothermophilus (thermoph ... | Indigo carmine, Congo red, Brilliant Gre ... | Stable in diverse pH | Temperature stable |
| Azoreductase | Shewanella sp. Strain IFN4 (bacteria) | Acid Yellow 19, Acid Red 88, Reactive Bl ... | 8 | 45 |
| Claccase (SmLac) | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia AAP56 (bact ... | Reactive Black 5 dye | Optimal pH neutral or basic | – |
| Soybean peroxidase | Immobilized Desmodesmus sp. (algae sourc ... | Methylene Blue | – | – |
How can we treat waste water with biological methods?
nature of toxicity associated with waste water. The classification of techniques for the removal or the reduction of the contaminants based on the need and the available technol ogy is as follows: 1. Biological treatment: Aerobic digestion (oxidation) of the effluent and anaerobic waste minimisation. 2.
What are some examples of biological waste?
What are some biohazard examples?
- Human blood and blood products. This includes items that have been contaminated with blood and other body fluids or tissues that contain visible blood.
- Animal waste. ...
- Human body fluids. ...
- Microbiological wastes. ...
- Pathological waste. ...
- Sharps waste. ...
What is biological wastewater treatment?
What Is Biological Wastewater Treatment?
- Biological wastewater treatment harnesses the action of bacteria and other microorganisms to clean water. ...
- Aerobic Wastewater Treatment. ...
- MABR Treatment. ...
- Anaerobic Treatment. ...
- Further Treatment. ...
What are the steps in waste water treatment?
- Stage One — Bar Screening.
- Stage Two — Screening.
- Stage Three — Primary Clarifier.
- Stage Four — Aeration.
- Stage Five — Secondary Clarifier.
- Stage Six — Chlorination (Disinfection)
- Stage Seven — Water Analysis & Testing.
- Stage Eight — Effluent Disposal.
What is biological treatment process?
The treatment of wastewater subsequent to the removal of suspended solids by microorganisms such as algae, fungi, or bacteria under aerobic or anaerobic conditions during which organic matter in wastewater is oxidized or incorporated into cells that can be eliminated by removal process or sedimentation is termed ...
What is biological method of waste treatment?
Biological treatments rely on bacteria, nematodes, or other small organisms to break down organic wastes using normal cellular processes. Wastewater typically contains a buffet of organic matter, such as garbage, wastes, and partially digested foods. It also may contain pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, and toxins.
What are the types of biological treatment?
There are two types of biological treatment process; aerobic and anaerobic. Biological wastewater treatment is an extremely cost effective and energy efficient system for the removal of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), since only micro-organisms are used.
What is the purpose of biological treatment?
Biological treatment Biological treatment processes are widely used in both developed and developing countries to control and accelerate the natural process of organic matter decomposition.
What is a secondary or biological treatment?
Secondary treatment is the removal of biodegradable organic matter (in solution or suspension) from sewage or similar kinds of wastewater. The aim is to achieve a certain degree of effluent quality in a sewage treatment plant suitable for the intended disposal or reuse option.
What is biological treatment of hazardous waste?
Biological Treatment of Hazardous Waste: Biological waste treatment is a generic term applied to processes that use micro-organisms to decompose organic wastes either into water, carbon dioxide, and simple inorganic substances, or into simpler organic substances, such as aldehydes and acids.
What is the purpose of biological treatment of waste water?
Discharge of domestic sewage into a river will result in rise of BOD because decomposer organisms consume a lot of oxygen. Thus biological treatment of waste-water or sewage treatment is very necessary in order to decompose sewage thereby increasing the dissolved oxygen in water and decreasing the BOD.
How does biological wastewater treatment work?
Biological wastewater treatment is designed to degrade pollutants dissolved in effluents by the action of microorganisms. The microorganisms utilize these substances to live and reproduce. Pollutants are used as nutrients. A prerequisite for such degradation activity, however, is that the pollutants are soluble in water and nontoxic. Degradation process can take place either in the presence of oxygen (aerobic treatment) or in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic treatment). Both these naturally occurring principles of effluent treatment give rise to fundamental differences in the technical and economic processes involved (Table 2 ).
What is biological method?
Biological method requires large land area, diurnal, and greater time for their functioning. (d) The process provides little flexibility in design and operation. Numerous studies depict the use of micro-organisms and leads to the removal of dye via a biosorption process.
What is phytoremediation in wastewater treatment?
Phytoremediation method: This is another biological method for wastewater treatment. The combination of two Latin words―plant and remedy―gave rise to the term phytoremediation. The plant, plant origin microbes, or associated microbiota are used to take up the contamination from soil or water.
How is phytoremediation achieved?
The remediation is achieved either by retaining, elimination, or degradation in a natural way as it happens in an ecosystem. Phytoremediation is a cheaper, eco-friendly, and feasibly sustainable method for removal of dye pollutants. Moreover, the process requires little nutrient cost and also has aesthetic demand.
How is oxygen supplied to wastewater?
In conventional aerobic biological wastewater treatment processes, oxygen is usually supplied as atmospheric air, either via immersed air-bubble diffusers or surface aeration. Diffused air bubbles (via fine-bubble aeration) are added to the bulk liquid (as in an ASP, biological aerated filters (BAFs), fluidised bioreactors, etc.), or oxygen transfer occurs from the surrounding air to the bulk liquid via a liquid/air interface (as for a TF or rotating biological contactor (RBC)).
What is the resultant of cleavage?
The resultant of cleavage is lethal aromatic amine that can be later decomposed by the aerobic process [59,60]. Laccase is a small molecular weight, multicopper-containing enzyme that degrades dye substrate with less specificity.
How does biogas replace fossil fuels?
In its function as a regenerative energy carrier, biogas replaces fossil fuels in the generation of process steam, heat, and electricity. The composition and quality of biogas depend on both effluent properties and process conditions such as temperature, retention time, and volume load.
What are the different types of wastewater treatment?
Typically broken out into three main categories, biological wastewater treatment can be: 1 aerobic, when microorganisms require oxygen to break down organic matter to carbon dioxide and microbial biomass 2 anaerobic, when microorganisms do not require oxygen to break down organic matter, often forming methane, carbon dioxide, and excess biomass 3 anoxic, when microorganisms use other molecules than oxygen for growth, such as for the removal of sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, selenate, and selenite
What is a fixed bed wastewater system?
A well-engineered fixed-bed will allow wastewater to flow through the system without channeling or plugging. Chambers can be aerobic and still have anoxic zones to achieve aerobic carbonaceous removal and full anoxic denitrification at the same time.
What is an MBR system?
MBRs primarily target BOD and total suspended solids (TSS). MBR system design varies depending on the nature of the wastewater and the treatment goals, but a typical MBR might consist of aerobic (or anaerobic) treatment tanks, an aeration system, mixers, a membrane tank, a clean-in-place system, and either a hollow fiber or flat sheet ...
How are suspended flocs removed from wastewater?
The suspended flocs enter a settling tank and are removed from the wastewater by sedimentation. Recycling of settled solids to the aeration tank controls levels of suspended solids, while excess solids are wasted as sludge.
How does a biological trickling filter work?
They work by passing air or water through a media designed to collect a biofilm on its surfaces. The biofilm may be composed of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria which breakdown organic contaminants in water or air.
What is aerobic microbiology?
aerobic, when microorganisms require oxygen to break down organic matter to carbon dioxide and microbial biomass. anaerobic, when microorganisms do not require oxygen to break down organic matter, often forming methane, carbon dioxide, and excess biomass. anoxic, when microorganisms use other molecules than oxygen for growth, ...
When was activated sludge first used?
Activated sludge was first developed in the early 1900s in England and has become the conventional biological treatment process widely used in municipal applications but can also be used in other industrial applications.
Where does wastewater enter the system?
With up-flow anaerobic sludge blankets, or UASBs, the theory is that wastewater enters at the base of the system and up through a blanket of sludge before into a upper gas separator, where biogas is sucked away.
What is the name of the measurement used to quantify the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by the anaerobic
Biological Oxygen Demand , or BOD, is the name of the measurement used to quantify the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by the anaerobic bacteria in the system to break down organic matter.
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What are the two main types of wastewater treatment?
There are two main types of wastewater treatment: primary and secondary. Primary treatment is a fairly basic process that is used to remove suspended solid waste and reduce its biochemical oxygen demand in order to increase dissolved oxygen in the water.
Why is wastewater sent through a tertiary treatment?
Because all of the contaminants have not been removed , the wastewater is usually sent through a tertiary treatment process after the biological treatment. During this stage, heavy metals, nutrients, and other impurities are removed from the wastewater.
What is anoxic treatment?
Anoxic treatments help remove nitrates and nitrites, selenates and selenites, and sulfates from the wastewater. People are seeing this more in areas where nitrates and sulfates are a concern. It’s the best way to remove as many of them as possible. Anoxic treatments work without adding additional chemicals.
Why is aeration needed in wastewater treatment?
Aeration is needed to oxygenate the wastewater through the use of mixers and aerators. Aerobic treatments work faster and result in cleaner water than anaerobic treatments, which is why they are preferred. The most popular aerobic treatment is the activated sludge process.
What is the best way to treat wastewater?
The activated sludge process is one of the most efficient ways to biologically treat wastewater and it’s effective. Another popular aerobic treatment is the trickling filter process. During the trickling filter process, wastewater flows over a bed of rocks, gravel, ceramic, peat moss, coconut fibers, or plastic.
Why is industrial wastewater important?
Even industrial wastewater is going to contain contaminants. It’s important to properly clean water before releasing it into natural water sources. Too much phosphorus can cause algae blooms to take over the lake or pond. Algae will end up depleting the stores of oxygen fish and other aquatic creatures rely on.
What is the most common tertiary treatment?
The most common type of tertiary treatment involves the use of chlorine, which is a powerful disinfectant. Small amounts of chlorine are added to the water to remove the remaining impurities before the water is discharged into the environment. There are other ways to disinfect the water that do not involve chemicals.
What is considered contaminated with chemicals?
If contaminated with chemical residue, refer to “Chemical” column. Waste is considered Contaminated with Chemicals if disposable items have residual amounts of non-acutely toxic chemicals only (e.g., phenol, chloroform, acrylamide, xylene). For acutely toxic waste items, including the original containers from manufacturer, ...
Is waste considered a biological substance?
Waste is considered Contaminated with Other Biologicals if the contents are not infectious to humans or animals, and are not considered r/sNA. It contains or is potentially contaminated with environmental microorganisms, plant and insect pathogens, or plant tissue cultures. If contaminated with chemical residue, refer to “Chemical” column.
Is waste considered a biohazard?
Waste is considered Contaminated with a Biohazard if it contains or is potentially contaminated with human infectious agents, viral vectors used with human and animal cell culture, biologically-derived toxins, human blood and body fluids, all human and animal cell cultures, or fluids and tissues from infected animals.
Is ethidium bromide contaminated waste?
Ethidium bromide-contaminated waste must be deactivated or collected as chemical waste by EHS. Waste is considered Contaminated with Chemotherapeutics if disposable items contain residual amounts of substances used to imitate a biochemical response in tissue culture or in animals, including: antineoplastic agents (e.g., cisplatin, doxorubicin, ...
Can serological pipettes puncture biohazard bags?
Serological pipettes can puncture bags when randomly mixed with other disposable items in plastic biohazard bags. Bundle the serological pipettes into a plastic sleeve conveniently placed inside the biohazard bag, which organizes them and prevents them from puncturing the outer red biohazard bag.
What is the process of disinfecting waste?
Microwaving is a process which disinfects the waste by moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy. High-heat systems employ combustion and high temperature plasma to decontaminate and destroy the waste. Incinerator & Hydroclaving are high heat systems.
What are the two primary mechanical processes used to destroy plastic and paper waste?
The two primary mechanical processes are. Shredding - used to destroy plastic and paper waste to prevent their reuse.
What are biological enzymes used for?
Biological enzymes are used for treating medical waste. It is claimed that biological reactions will not only decontaminate the waste but also cause the destruction of all the organic constituents so that only plastics, glass, and other inert will remain in the residues.
Can microwaves be used for cytotoxic waste?
Microwaving. Microwave treatment shall not be used for cytotoxic, hazardous or radioactive wastes, contaminated animal carcasses, body parts and large metal items. The microwave system shall comply with the efficacy tests/routine tests.
Is mercury a biomedical waste?
Must take all measures to ensure that the spilled mercury does not become part of biomedical wastes. Waste containing equal to or more than 50 ppm of mercury is a hazardous waste and the concerned generators of the wastes including the health care units are required to dispose the waste as per the norms.
