What is calcium oxalate used for?
Calcium oxalate is very useful in the identification of plant drugs, as quite closely related species commonly differ in the form and arrangement of the crystal, which makes identification easier.
How to get rid of calcium oxalate stones naturally?
Use of natural magnesium supplements, like Kidney Stone Flush will help in dissolving existing calcium oxalate stones and preventing further occurrences. Magnesium along with vitamin B6 supplements will have a double impact on dissolving and preventing calcium oxalate stones.
How to prevent oxalates from re-occurring?
To prevent re-occurrences, increase intake of calcium rich foods. This is to provide enough calcium compounds for the oxalates, either produced by the liver or present from dietary sources, to bind themselves to and get eliminated out of the body through stools. Avoid intake of calcium supplements though.
Are calcium oxalate stones resistant to chemolysis?
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones are considered to be highly resistant to chemolysis. While significant organic matter has been identified within these stones, which is presumed to bind (inorganic) CaOx particles and aggregates, most chemolysis efforts have focused on methods to attack the CaOx components of a stone.
How is calcium oxalate treated?
To reduce the amount of calcium oxalate crystal formation in your kidneys, your doctor may recommend one or more of these treatments:Medications. Lumasiran (Oxlumo) is a medicine that decreases the production of oxalate in children and adults with primary hyperoxaluria. ... High fluid intake. ... Dietary changes.
How do you remove calcium oxalate crystals from urine?
Small stones may pass on their own without treatment in about four to six weeks. You can help flush out the stone by drinking extra water. Your doctor can also prescribe an alpha-blocker like doxazosin (Cardura) or tamsulosin (Flomax). These drugs relax your ureter to help the stone pass from your kidney more quickly.
How do you treat oxalate sensitivity?
Increasing your calcium intake when eating foods with oxalate can help lower oxalate levels in the urine. Choose high-calcium dairy foods such as milk, yogurt, and cheese. Vegetables can also provide a good amount of calcium.
What is the conservative treatment for a calcium stone?
Conservative management consists of pain control, medical expulsive therapy with an alpha blocker, and follow-up imaging within 14 days to monitor stone position and assess for hydronephrosis.
Does calcium oxalate crystals in urine mean kidney stones?
Calcium oxalate crystals are heavily associated with kidney stones, which can form when too much oxalate (found in such foods as spinach) is in the system. Kidney stone symptoms include severe groin or abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and difficulty passing urine.
Is there medication to prevent calcium oxalate kidney stones?
Thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone and indapamide) have been proven in RCTs to be effective in reducing calciuria and stone recurrence. These drugs also induce positive calcium balance and thereby increase bone mineral density.
What is calcium oxalate in urine?
Oxalate is a natural end product of metabolism in the body. It should leave your body through your urine. If your oxalate levels are too high, the extra oxalate can combine with calcium to form kidney stones. These stones are hard masses of chemicals that can get stuck in the urinary tract.
How do you remove oxalate from food?
Because oxalates are water soluble, they can be reduced by blanching, boiling, or steaming with the liquid discarded. Fermentation reduces oxalates. Cooking in milk or macerating in whey can also mitigate oxalate exposure. Sprouting can help too.
How do oxalates affect the body?
Excess oxalate is eliminated through your kidneys, in your urine. The extra oxalate can combine with calcium to create kidney stones and crystals, which can damage the kidneys and cause them to stop working (renal failure). Kidney stones form early and most often cause symptoms during childhood or adolescence.
What is the best treatment for kidney stones?
Percutaneous Lithotripsy (PCNL) is the best treatment for large stones in the kidney. General anesthesia is needed to do a PCNL.
Do non obstructing kidney stones need to be removed?
If non-obstructing stones are symptomatic or sufficiently large, they should be treated electively as long-term they are likely to cause symptoms, grow and make it more challenging to break them.
How big is a 4 millimeter kidney stone?
Measuring the Kidney Stone Size Between 4 mm and 6 mm, only 60 percent will pass without medical intervention, and on average take 45 days to exit your body naturally. Anything bigger than 6 mm will almost always need medical care to help remove the stone.
How do you dissolve calcium oxalate naturally?
Staying hydrated is key. Drinking plenty of fluids is a vital part of passing kidney stones and preventing new stones from forming. ... Water. When...
How do you break down calcium oxalate crystals?
Small stones may pass on their own without treatment in about four to six weeks. You can help flush out the stone by drinking extra water. Your doc...
Is it possible to dissolve calcium oxalate kidney stones?
Modifier appears to dissolve crystals of the most common kidney stone. Summary: Researchers have found evidence that a natural fruit extract is cap...
Can water dissolve calcium oxalate?
Calcium oxalate Names Melting point 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K) decomposes (monohydrate) Solubility in water 0.67 mg/L (20 °C) Solubility product (Ksp)...
Does lemon juice dissolve calcium oxalate kidney stones?
Enjoy some lemons. Citrate, a salt in citric acid, binds to calcium and helps block stone formation. "Studies have shown that drinking ½ cup of lem...
What temperature does calcium oxalate change?
The Raman spectra clearly show changes between 150°C and 200°C and again between 450°C and 500°C. The CO stretching vibration for oxalate in solution is observed at 1496 cm − 1 and occurs for calcium oxalate around 1475 cm − 1 at room temperature. No bands are observed in the IR spectrum at this temperature, which means that the structure of calcium oxalate is centrosymmetric. Mild heating to 50°C causes two bands to appear in the Raman spectrum. These bands are similar to those observed for whewellite, the partially dehydrated form of weddellite. The bands shift to 1488 and 1462 cm − 1 in the 150°C spectrum ( Fig. 9 ), that is, there is a slight red shift on heating. At temperatures above 150°C the bands are observed at 1478 and 1466 cm − 1. These bands correspond to the symmetric stretching modes of anhydrous calcium oxalate. At temperatures above 450°C a single band is now observed at 1480 cm − 1 corresponding to the CO symmetric stretching mode of calcium carbonate. In addition a small band at 1628 cm − 1 is observed in the room temperature spectrum, which can be attributed to the antisymmetric stretching vibration. This band should not be observed in the Raman spectrum, but distortion of the structure probably allowed the observation of this Raman forbidden band. Aqueous oxalate shows the IR-active antisymmetric stretching mode at 1600 cm − 1. This band is observed at 1650 cm − 1 at 50°C and shifts to 1647 cm − 1 with further heating. Around 450°C this band disappears and a new very broad band becomes visible around 1618 cm − 1. The final step of the decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide is at a temperature above the upper limit of the Raman thermal stage and can therefore not be observed.
How to identify calcium oxalate?
A polarizing microscope will often assist in the detection of small crystals. They can be identified as calcium oxalate if they are insoluble in acetic acid and caustic alkali, soluble in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid without effervescence and, when mixed in a 50% sulfuric acid solution, showing a gradual separation of needle-like calcium sulfate crystal. Calcium oxalate is anisotropic and can be differentiated from carbonate and silica by its insolubility in acetic acid and a 5% KOH solution and solubility in hydrochloric acid ( Grubesic et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2010 ).
What are oxalates in plants?
Oxalates, typically in the form of calcium oxalate, are present in a variety of common poisonous plants including caladium (Caladium spp.), dumbcane ( Dieffenbachia spp.), elephant's ear ( Colocasia spp.), Jack-in-the-pulpit ( Arisaema triphyllum ), Philodendrum, pothos ( Scindapsus aureus ), rhubarb ( Rheum rhaponticum ), sorrel ( Rumex crispus ), and skunk cabbage ( Symplocarpus foetidus). It occurs in plants in a partly insoluble form as acid oxalate and free oxalic acid, and in a partly insoluble form as calcium oxalate. When present, oxalates usually occur in all parts of the plant, although in rhubarb they are found primarily in the leaves and much lower in the stalks, which are therefore edible. Cooking does not make rhubarb leaves edible.
What temperature is whewellite decomposed?
Fig. 8. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) decomposition profile of whewellite in the temperature range 30–800°C showing the three steps of (1) dehydration, (2) decomposition to calcium carbonate, and (3) decomposition of the calcium carbonate to calcium oxide.
What temperature does calcium oxalate appear in the Raman spectrum?
No bands are observed in the IR spectrum at this temperature, which means that the structure of calcium oxalate is centrosymmetric. Mild heating to 50°C causes two bands to appear in the Raman spectrum. These bands are similar to those observed for whewellite, the partially dehydrated form of weddellite.
Where do oxalates come from?
When present, oxalates usually occur in all parts of the plant, although in rhubarb they are found primarily in the leaves and much lower in the stalks, which are therefore edible.
Where is calcium oxalate found?
Calcium oxalate occurs most abundantly in plant tissues. It is usually present to the extent of about 1% in plants but in some structures, for example, the rhizomes of rhubarb, it may exceed 20% of the dry weight. It often forms a character of considerable diagnostic importance in the evaluation of herbal drugs. It is usually dimorphous and is found either as the trihydrate belonging to the tetragonal system of crystals or as the monohydrate of the monoclinic system. These crystals vary widely in size and appearance, upon which they can be grouped into six classes as follows:
What causes calcium oxalate stones?
Certain risk factors may cause your body to form calcium oxalate stones. These risk factors include: Hyperparathyroidism (a very high amount of a type of hormone called parathyroid hormone in the blood that causes a loss of calcium. Calcium is needed to bind with oxalate and leave the body)
What happens when you eat too much oxalate?
Oxalate is a natural substance found in many foods. Your body uses food for energy. After your body uses what it needs, waste products travel through the bloodstream to the kidneys and are removed through urine. Urine has various wastes in it. If there is too much waste in too little liquid, crystals can begin to form. These crystals may stick together and form a solid mass (a kidney stone). Oxalate is one type of substance that can form crystals in the urine. This can happen if there is too much oxalate, too little liquid, and the oxalate “sticks” to calcium while urine is being made by the kidneys.
What happens when you have too much waste in too little liquid?
If there is too much waste in too little liquid, crystals can begin to form. These crystals may stick together and form a solid mass (a kidney stone). Oxalate is one type of substance that can form crystals in the urine. This can happen if there is too much oxalate, too little liquid, and the oxalate “sticks” to calcium while urine is being made by ...
Why is calcium important for kidney stones?
Calcium is needed to bind with oxalate and leave the body) It is important to know that kidney stones are more common if you have Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). These conditions affect your body’s ability to absorb fats properly.
What happens when fat is not absorbed?
These conditions affect your body’s ability to absorb fats properly. When fat is not absorbed the right way, the fat binds to calcium and leaves oxalate behind. The oxalate is then absorbed and taken to the kidney, where it can form stones.
How to get calcium into your body?
The best way to get calcium into your body is through the foods you eat. It may seem easier to increase your calcium by taking a supplement. However, calcium in the form of a supplement may raise your chances of forming new calcium oxalate stones.
How to get rid of crystals in urine?
Drink enough fluids. The number one thing you can do is to drink enough fluids, like water. Drinking enough fluids will thin out your urine and make it harder for chemicals to build up and form crystals. Your healthcare provider will look at your overall health, diet, and lifestyle and recommend the right amount of fluid you should have each day.
How to prevent calcium oxalate stones?
A limited number of RCTs have shown that a good strategy for preventing the recurrence of calcium oxalate stones includes increasing fluid intake, increasing the dietary intake of calcium and restricting the intake of salt, animal protein and oxalate-rich foods. Treatment with a thiazide diuretic, allopurinol and citrate has a role in selected cases. Several other means of manipulating urinary chemistries have not been adequately tested in RCTs directed at stone prevention.
What are the factors that contribute to calcium stones?
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to stone formation, but the genes responsible for the heritable aspect of stone formation have not been delineated definitively. Mainstays of calcium stone prevention involve manipulation of urine chemistries (urine sodium, citrate, oxalate, uric acid and calcium levels as well as urine specific gravity). The urinary risk factors most often implicated in stone formation are listed in Table 1. Hypercalciuria is the most common trait associated with calcium stones, yet its cause in most patients remains unclear. It is still often referred to as “idiopathic hypercalciuria.” The efficacy of classifying hypercalciuria on the basis of cause remains controversial and of unproven value in clinical management.
What is the best diuretic for calciuria?
Thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone and indapamide) have been proven in RCTs to be effective in reducing calciuria and stone recurrence. These drugs also induce positive calcium balance and thereby increase bone mineral density. Sodium restriction must be employed, and hypokalemia must be avoided since it can lead to hypocitraturia. The usual starting dose is 12.5–25 mg of chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide. Most patients should receive supplementation with potassium citrate. Amiloride may help avoid hypokalemia, but triamterene should be avoided because of its low solubility.
Does calcium reduce calciuria?
Calcium excretion is directly linked to sodium excretion. Reductions in dietary sodium reduce calciuria, but no RCT of sodium restriction alone has been performed. The successful diet mentioned earlier that was higher in calcium and restricted intake of oxalate, protein and salt1achieved a reduction in calcium excretion despite the higher calcium intake. This effect was attributed to the reduction in dietary sodium intake to less than 2 g/d.
Does calcium cause stone recurrence?
Studies of dietary calcium's effect on stone recurrence rates have led to major changes in nonpharmacologic manipulation. Epidemiologic evidence shows an inverse relation between dietary calcium intake and recurrence rates. This is probably best explained by calcium's inhibition of intestinal oxalate absorption. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) assigned men with hypercalciuria to follow either a diet low in calcium (400 mg) and oxalate or a diet higher in calcium (1200 mg) with restricted intake of oxalate, protein and salt.1At 5 years, the latter group had a 51% lower rate of stone recurrence than those following a low-calcium diet. Although controversy persists and replication of these findings under other clinical circumstances would be desirable, low-calcium diets are not recommended and can exacerbate the well-documented association of hypercalciuria with low bone mineral density and increased fracture rates.2Whether calcium supplements could have a similar effect in lowering stone recurrence rates has not been tested. Taking calcium carbonate supplements with meals reduces oxaluria, whereas taking them at bedtime increases calciuria and has no effect on oxaluria.3The preferred calcium supplement for people at risk of stone formation is calcium citrate because it helps to increase urinary citrate excretion. We recommend a dose of 200–400 mg if dietary calcium cannot be increased.
Does fish oil help kidney stones?
Interest in fish oil supplementation arose from the observation that kidney stones were virtually absent in the Inuits of Greenland, a population with a dietary mainstay of fresh fish. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid leads to reduced calciuria but has not been tested in an RCT.
Does animal protein cause stones?
Epidemiologic data show that it correlates well with the prevalence of stone formation. The recent popularity of diets low in carbohydrates and high in animal protein have refocused attention on protein intake as a risk factor for stones.4Patients with recurrent stones should minimize their protein intake to less than 80 g/d.
What is extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy?
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is a procedure done as an outpatient to eliminate stones that are bigger than seven to ten millimeters, or more, in size. High energy sound waves, or high energy radiation is created outside the living body and directed to the area where the stone has been detected on imaging tests.
How to get rid of kidney stones?
Slightly bigger calcium oxalate dihydrate kidney stones will require external interventions like laser or sound waves to break the stone into tiny pieces, so that they can move out of the body in an easy manner. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is a procedure done as an outpatient to eliminate stones that are bigger than seven to ten millimeters, or more, in size. High energy sound waves, or high energy radiation is created outside the living body and directed to the area where the stone has been detected on imaging tests. The sound waves generated will break the stones into smaller bits and pieces that will move out eventually, along with urine discharge. Large stones will require several more attempts to get rid of the stone completely in a successful manner.
What to do if kidney stone is stuck in ureter?
Large stones will require several more attempts to get rid of the stone completely in a successful manner. In case a calcium oxalate dihydrat e kidney stone is stuck in the ureters, ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy will need to be performed.
What is kidney stone?
Kidney stone is a mass of solidified mineral salt that is usually accommodated in urine. The minerals involved will be different causing various types of stones to occur, namely, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, cystine, or struvite. The calcium oxalate variety is further classified into calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate, ...
How to pull a kidney stone out of a kidney?
Via a small incision made in the back, using a telescopic instrument that is inserted inside to get a clear view of the urinary system, a device is passed up to the kidneys to pull the stone out. This procedure may require overnight hospital stay and is performed under anesthesia.
Can a kidney stone pass out by itself?
Initially, urologists will wait and observe, hoping that the stone will pass out by itself without requiring any external interventions. The patient will be advised to drink plenty of water to produce more urine, so that it can assist in flushing out the stone as well prevent any further stone development in the kidneys. Pain medications may be prescribed to help deal with the pain associated with passing a kidney stone. This approach, though, can provide successful results only if the stones are small in size.
Is calcium oxalate monohydrate or dihydrate?
The calcium oxalate variety is further classified into calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate, with calcium oxalate dihydrate being the far most common type. Determining the type and size of the stone formed plays an important role in considering the method of treatment required.
Why are oxalates high in calcium?
In a situation where the oxalate levels become high due to increased intake of high oxalate foods , and calcium levels are low , some oxalates find no calcium compounds for binding purposes and are reabsorbed by the gastrointestinal tract only to be released into the circulatory system.
What supplements can help with calcium oxalate stones?
Use of natural magnesium supplements, like Kidney Stone Flush will help in dissolving existing calcium oxalate stones and preventing further occurrences. Magnesium along with vitamin B6 supplements will have a double impact on dissolving and preventing calcium oxalate stones. A magnesium supplement of 300-350 mg per day ...
What happens when you have high oxalate levels in urine?
High urine oxalate levels encourage the development of calcium oxalate stones. Protein digestion results in release of oxalates which under normal internal body conditions, bind with calcium and is eliminated via stools. Oxalates are also produced by the liver. In a situation where the oxalate levels become high due to increased intake ...
How to get rid of kidney stones?
Kidney stones can be successfully eliminated from the body with drug therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, and by following a restrictive dietary pattern. Of all the different kinds of kidney stones like cystine, uric acid, struvite; calcium oxalate calculus is more commonly formed.
What foods can cause stone formation?
Avoid oxalate rich foods like chocolate, peanuts, beets, Swiss chard, wheat germ, green pepper, spinach, organ meats like liver, strawberries, etc. Limit intake of animal protein to reduce oxalate formation after protein digestion.
Does magnesium citrate help kidney stones?
So potassium or magnesium citrate supplements will work well towards treating this type of kidney stones.
Does magnesium help with calcium oxalate stones?
A deficiency in magnesium also encourages the development of calcium oxalate stones. Magnesium normally remains in a state of constant rivalry with calcium, reducing their chances of binding with oxalates to form calculus. Use of natural magnesium supplements, like Kidney Stone Flush will help in dissolving existing calcium oxalate stones and preventing further occurrences. Magnesium along with vitamin B6 supplements will have a double impact on dissolving and preventing calcium oxalate stones. A magnesium supplement of 300-350 mg per day and a vitamin B6 supplement at a low dose of 25 mg or a high dose of 500 mg daily can effectively treat calcium oxalate kidney stones.