what happens to treatment group in latent inhibition

What is latent inhibition?

The term "latent inhibition" dates back to Lubow and Moore. The LI effect is "latent" in that it is not exhibited in the stimulus pre-exposure phase, but rather in the subsequent test phase.

What are the effects of low latent inhibition on intelligence?

Low latent inhibition. Those with average and, less than average intelligence, on the other hand, are less able to cope and as a result are more likely to suffer from mental illness and sensory overload. It is hypothesized that a low level of latent inhibition can cause either psychosis or a high level of creative achievement or both,...

How do I know if I have low latent inhibition?

There are obviously many other combinations or other ‘recipes’ you could make, but only a rare few would achieve the ultimate true taste that you’d want. There are currently no official diagnostic tests for low latent inhibition, and no scale in terms of just how low ones latent inhibition might be.

What is low latent inhibition in schizophrenia?

In more extreme cases, low latent inhibition manifests as psychosis (a mental disconnect from reality). In fact, during the early stages of schizophrenia, a chemical change occurs in which latent inhibition disappears. But it turns out there’s a good side to low latent inhibition, too.

What is the way that latent inhibition disrupts learning?

In latent inhibition, repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a latent form of learning that inhibits subsequent associations with that stimulus.

What causes latent inhibition?

Pre-exposure to a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus inhibits conditioning when the stimuli are subsequently paired, a phenomenon termed latent inhibition.

What is latent inhibition in classical conditioning?

Latent inhibition is a technical term used in classical conditioning to refer to the observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus.

What does latent inhibition mean in psychology?

Latent inhibition (LI) is a startlingly simple effect in which preexposure of a stimulus without consequence retards subsequent responding to a stimulus–consequence relation.

What mental disorder does Michael Scofield have?

low latent inhibitionMichael has been clinically diagnosed with low latent inhibition, a condition in which his brain is more open to incoming stimuli in the surrounding environment.

What do people with low latent inhibition see?

A person with a normal level of latent inhibition is able to tune out the information that experience has shown to be irrelevant. Someone with low latent inhibition, however, doesn't do that as well. He or she pays attention to what can become a overwhelming amount of stimuli.

Which of the following is true regarding latent inhibition?

Which of the following is true regarding latent inhibition? Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning.

How can latent inhibition be used to reduce the likelihood of developing a phobia?

Latent inhibition (LI) is a paradigm in which a neutral cue is repeatedly presented in the absence of any aversive associations. Subsequent pairing of this pre-exposed cue with an aversive stimulus typically leads to reduced expression of a conditioned fear/threat response.

What causes low latent inhibition?

Low latent inhibition Those with less than average intelligence, on the other hand, are less able to cope, and so as a result are more likely to suffer from mental illness. High levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine (or its agonists) in the brain are thought to lower latent inhibition.

Does latent learning require prior reinforcement?

Latent learning is a type of learning which is not apparent in the learner's behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear. This shows that learning can occur without any reinforcement of a behavior. .

Who has low latent inhibition?

People with low latent inhibition are literally unable to close their mind, to keep the spotlight of attention from drifting off to the far corners of the stage. The end result is that they can't help but consider the unexpected.

What is meant by extinction and spontaneous recovery?

What is meant by extinction and spontaneous recovery? Extinction disconnected the conditioned stimulus from the unconditioned stimulus. Spontaneous recovery is when the organisms display responses that were extinguished earlier.

What is latent inhibition?

Latent inhibition is a normal modulation of associative learning. Specifically, latent inhibition refers to the reduced ability to learn the relevance of a stimulus that is paired with an aversive or positive condition through classic conditioning if there has been a previous exposure with the stimulus in a neutral context.119,120 In humans, associative learning is typically measured in a laboratory setting by pairing an initially neutral stimulus (e.g. an image of a blue circle) with an aversive one such as a mild shock to the hand until the previously neutral stimulus elicits a similar physiological response as the shock. For example, this learned association can be measured by the ability of the once-neutral stimulus to potentiate the subject's startle response to a startling stimulus such as a sudden brief sound. To measure latent inhibition, some subjects are exposed to the neutral stimulus on its own before the first pairing with mild shock. The preexposure to the neutral stimulus normally inhibits its ability to become associated with the shock, as measured by a reduced ability to potentiate startle compared to a neutral stimulus that is not preexposed.

What is LI in psychology?

LI refers to a cognitive process in which repeated non-rewarded experience of a stimulus retards the ability of that stimulus to subsequently enter into new associations ( Lubow & Moore, 1959 ). It is of particular interest in schizophrenia as it is attenuated during acute phases of the disease ( Baruch, Hemsley, & Gray, 1988 ). A deficit in LI can be induced in animals by acute administration of drugs that increase mesolimbic dopaminergic activity, for example, amphetamine and as a result, LI is a widely used as an animal model with relevance to information processing deficits ( Moser et al., 2000; Weiner et al., 2000 ). There are two ways that LI can be used to study putative antipsychotic agents: reversal of amphetamine disruption or enhancement of low levels of LI ( Moser et al., 2000 ). The latter procedure involves exposing animals to relatively low numbers of stimulus presentations (typically 10 compared to 30–40 for complete LI). Both procedures are sensitive to a wide range of clinically active antipsychotics ( Moser et al., 2000 ). Figure 5 shows the effects of clozapine on LI in the two procedures ( Moran, Fischer, Hitchcock, & Moser, 1996 ).

What is latent inhibition?

Latent inhibition is a technical term used in classical conditioning to refer to the observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus. The term "latent inhibition" dates back to Lubow and Moore. The LI effect is "latent" in that it is not exhibited in the stimulus pre-exposure phase, but rather in the subsequent test phase. "Inhibition", here, simply connotes that the effect is expressed in terms of relatively poor learning. The LI effect is extremely robust, appearing in both invertebrate (e.g. honey bees ) and mammalian species that have been tested and across many different learning paradigms, thereby suggesting some adaptive advantages, such as protecting the organism from associating irrelevant stimuli with other, more important, events.

What neurotransmitter decreases latent inhibition?

High levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine (or its agonists) in the ventral tegmental area of the brain have been shown to decrease latent inhibition. Certain dysfunctions of the neurotransmitters glutamate, serotonin and acetylcholine have also been implicated.

What is the LI effect?

The LI effect has received a number of theoretical interpretations. One class of theory holds that inconsequential stimulus pre-exposure results in reduced associability for that stimulus. The loss of associability has been attributed to a variety of mechanisms that reduce attention, which then must be reacquired in order for learning to proceed normally. Alternatively, it has been proposed that LI is a result of retrieval failure rather than acquisition failure. Such a position advocates that, following stimulus pre-exposure, the acquisition of the new association to the old stimulus proceeds normally. However, in the test stage, two associations (the stimulus-no consequence association from the pre-exposure stage and the stimulus-consequence stimulus association of the acquisition stage) are retrieved and compete for expression. The group not pre-exposed to the stimulus performs better than the pre-exposed group because for the first group there is only the second association to be retrieved.

How does context affect LI?

LI is affected by many factors, one of the most important of which is context. In virtually all LI studies, the context remains the same in the stimulus pre-exposure and test phases. However, if context is changed from the pre-exposure to the test phase, then LI is severely attenuated. The context-dependency of LI plays major roles in all current theories of LI, and in particular to their applications to schizophrenia, where it has been proposed that relationship between the pre-exposed stimulus and the context breaks down; context no longer sets the occasion for the expression of the stimulus-no consequence association. Consequently, working-memory is inundated with experimentally familiar but phenomenally novel stimuli, each competing for the limited resources required for efficient information processing. This description fits well with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly high distractibility, as well as with research findings.

Which stimulus association is retrieved and competes for expression in the test stage?

However, in the test stage, two associations (the stimulus-no consequence association from the pre-exposure stage and the stimulus-consequence stimulus association of the acquisition stage) are retrieved and compete for expression.

Can latent inhibition cause depression?

It is hypothesized that a low level of latent inhibition can cause either psychosis or a high level of creative achievement or both, which is usually dependent on the individual's intelligence. When they cannot develop the creative ideas, they become frustrated and/or depressive.

What is latent inhibition?

Latent inhibition is a term used to explain how our observation of a familiar stimulus (e.g. something we see, hear, smell, feel or taste that we’ve had before) takes longer to acquire meaning than a new stimulus. It’s essentially a mental tool you develop in order to experience the world in a manageable way.

Why is low latent inhibition so accurate?

Low latent inhibition will usually result in extremely accurate instincts due to the sheer level of thought, processing and logical connection that has been made previously when faced with a stimulus or multiple stimuli.

Is there a test for low latent inhibition?

There are obviously many other combinations or other ‘recipes’ you could make, but only a rare few would achieve the ultimate true taste that you’d want. There are currently no official diagnostic tests for low latent inhibition, and no scale in terms of just how low ones latent inhibition might be.

Overview

Latent inhibition is a technical term used in classical conditioning to refer to the observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus. The term "latent inhibition" dates back to Lubow and Moore. The LI effect is "latent" in that it is not exhibited in the stimulus pre-exposure phase, but rather in the subsequent test phase. "Inhibition", here, simply connotes that the effect is expressed in terms of relatively poor learning…

Theories

Variation

Physiology

Pathology

See also

External links