What factors affect the success of interventions to prevent epidemics?
Jul 27, 2012 · HIV/AIDS Inequality: Structural Barriers to Prevention, Treatment, and Care in Communities of Color Residential segregation and housing discrimination. Geography is one of the key factors that explain the... Education. Many HIV prevention and risk-reduction interventions have focused on HIV ...
How can we prevent high-level epidemics?
Safe water supplies, sewage treatment and disposal, improved food safety, and vaccination programs are urgently needed in resource-poor nations. A major barrier to achieving these improvements is the underlying weakness of public health systems in resource-poor countries, including a shortage of health care workers, which hinders efforts to immunize, treat, and …
How do you measure preventive health care use?
The specific goals of INL’s International Demand Reduction Program are to: Decrease drug use; Delay the onset of drug use; Reduce the number of morbidity deaths caused by drug use; Reduce drug related violence and criminal behavior; Diminish the presence of drug-fueled gangs and gang membership; and. Establish self-sustained drug prevention ...
What is the most important barrier to control of the epidemic?
Improving access to health care for populations with little or no access. Providing health insurance coverage of effective clinical preventive services. Paying for health outcomes instead of health services. Increasing use of health information technology and tools (e.g., reminders and clinical decision support).
What is meant by treatment as prevention?
Treatment as prevention (TasP) is a concept in public health that promotes treatment as a way to prevent and reduce the likelihood of HIV illness, death and transmission from an infected individual to others.
What causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) It is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which leads to loss of immune cells and leaves individuals susceptible to other infections and the development of certain types of cancers.
What is the 90 90 90 strategy?
UNAIDS “90-90-90” strategy calls for 90% of HIV-infected individuals to be diagnosed by 2020, 90% of whom will be on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and 90% of whom will achieve sustained virologic suppression. Reaching these targets by 2020 will reduce the HIV epidemic to a low-level endemic disease by 2030.Jun 30, 2016
How can hepatitis be prevented?
Hepatitis A infection can be prevented by getting vaccine or immune globulin soon after coming into contact with the virus. Persons who have recently been exposed to HAV should get immune globulin or vaccine as soon as possible, but not more than 2 weeks after the last exposure.
How can Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome be treated?
Currently, there's no cure for HIV / AIDS . Once you have the infection, your body can't get rid of it. However, there are many medications that can control HIV and prevent complications. These medications are called antiretroviral therapy (ART).Mar 26, 2022
What is viral load suppression?
If taken as prescribed, HIV medicine reduces the amount of HIV in the body (viral load) to a very low level, which keeps the immune system working and prevents illness. This is called viral suppression—defined as having less than 200 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood.
Can I infect someone if my viral load is undetectable?
Having an undetectable viral load does mean that there is not enough HIV in your body fluids to pass HIV on during sex. In other words, you are not infectious. For as long as your viral load stays undetectable, your chance of passing on HIV to a sexual partner is zero.Nov 13, 2020
What is universal test and treat?
In September 2016, South Africa (SA) began implementing the universal-test-and-treat (UTT) policy in hopes of attaining the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets by 2020. The SA National Department of Health provided a further directive to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the day of HIV diagnosis in September 2017.Jan 6, 2021
International Cooperation
A young boy drinks from a well pump at a school in Harare, Zimbabwe, during a day of awareness activities for HIV and AIDS hosted by an international aid agency.
Public Health in Developing Nations
The gap in life expectancy between the richest and the poorest countries now exceeds 40 years —in large measure owing to the toll of infectious diseases. Safe water supplies, sewage treatment and disposal, improved food safety, and vaccination programs are urgently needed in resource-poor nations.
How many drug users are there in Afghanistan?
There are an estimated 2.9 to 3.6 million drug users in Afghanistan — one of the highest per capita rates in the world.
What is ICUDDR in education?
The International Consortium of Universities for Drug Demand Reduction (ICUDDR) facilitates networking among universities to promote high quality education and training in the field of addiction prevention, treatment and public health interventions.
Where is UTC training?
The UTC is being trained in over 50 countries around the world. As a result of INL-funded training programs, several countries including Kenya, El Salvador, The Bahamas, and Indonesia have adopted national and international-level certification standards for addiction counselors.
How does a healthy environment affect the community?
Healthy environments promote health and support healthy behaviors in community settings such as schools, child care programs, and worksites. Approaches that improve the environment reach more people, are more cost-effective, and are more likely than individual approaches to have a lasting effect on population health.
How does the CDC help people?
By linking people who have chronic diseases or chronic disease risk factors to community resources, CDC can help them improve their quality of life, prevent or slow down the disease, avoid complications, and reduce the need for more health care. Improved links between the community and clinical settings often mean that clinicians can refer patients to proven programs, ideally with community organizations and lay providers getting reimbursed by health insurance.
What are some examples of epidemiology?
Examples of Epidemiology and Surveillance 1 Gathering information from multiple data sources, including behavioral risk factor surveys, birth and death certificates, registries of cancer cases and deaths, and health care systems. 2 Measuring social and environmental factors that influence health, such as the number of fast food restaurants in low-income neighborhoods. 3 Tracking policies that affect chronic diseases, such as those related to smokefree air, access to healthy foods, and community water fluoridation. 4 Measuring the number of Americans who get health care preventive services, such as cancer screening, the “ABCS” of heart disease and stroke prevention ( A spirin use, B lood pressure and C holesterol control, and S moking cessation), and measures of diabetes control (e.g., hemoglobin A1C) and obesity (e.g., body mass index). 5 Using health information technology to improve efficiency and timeliness of public health surveillance (e.g., to speed reporting to state cancer registries).
What is the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion?
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) promotes chronic disease prevention efforts in four key areas, or domains. This approach to preventing chronic diseases and promoting health can help achieve NCCDPHP’s vision of healthy people in healthy communities. Domains. Epidemiology and Surveillance.
What is the purpose of the CDC?
CDC uses dozens of surveillance systems to collect data on chronic diseases and their risk factors. These systems—often the only source of such data—help epidemiologists understand how chronic diseases affect Americans.
Why are trans fats banned?
Banning artificial trans fats from the food supply to reduce the risk for heart disease. Fluoridating community water systems. Increasing prices for unhealthy products (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, and high-calorie, low-nutrition foods and beverages) to reflect the medical and societal costs of their use.
Background
This cross‐sectional study assessed factors affecting access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV‐positive women from the prevention of mother to child transmission HIV programme in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe.
Methods
Data were collected between June and August 2008. HIV‐positive women attending antenatal clinics who had been referred to the national ART programme from January 2006 until December 2007 were surveyed.
Results
Of the 147 HIV‐positive women interviewed, 95 (65%) had registered with the ART programme. However, documentation of the referral was noted in only 23 (16%) of cases. Of the 95 registered women, 35 (37%) were receiving ART; 17 (18%) had not undergone CD4 testing.
Conclusions
Despite many challenges, the majority of participants accessed HIV care. Development of referral tools and decentralization of CD4 testing to clinics will improve access to ART. Psychosocial support can be a successful entry point to encourage client referral to care and treatment programmes.
What is the most common disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum?
Background. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most widely distributed and pose the greatest public health threat.
What are the contributions of all authors?
All authors have made substantial intellectual contributions to conception, design, and acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data to this study. They also have been involved in drafting the manuscript, approved the final manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Where is Gurage Zone?
This community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gurage zone which is located in the Southern nation’s nationalities and people’s regional sate (SNNPR) of Ethiopia from January 1st to January 30th of 2017. The altitude of the Zone ranges from 1600 to 2800 m above sea level and the average annual temperature is 7–25 degree Celsius. There are seven malaria endemic districts in the zone. The zone has 13 districts, 2 town administrations, 412 rural kebeles and 32 urban kebeles. There are estimated 286,328 households in the Zone out of which 154,177 households lives in the seven endemic districts [ 12, 13 ]. Figure 1. shows map of the zone and selected districts.
How many people died from malaria in 2015?
In 2015, there were 214 million malaria cases and 438,000 malaria related deaths. Eighty eight percent of these malaria cases and 90% of the deaths were reported from Sub-Saharan Africa [ 1, 2 ].
What percentage of households have a cottage?
The majority (57.6%) of households had cottage (grass covered) traditional houses. Only 8% of the households had ceilings (structures beneath the roof where bed nets are usually hung). Nearly all (90%) of the households reported using two or more sleeping places (an area in the house used by family members to sleep that can be a bed or the floor) while the remaining had only single bed/sleeping places. Similarly majority (69%) of the houses have only one class and only 168 (21%) households have bed (a piece of furniture on or in which to lie and sleep) while others were using floor (Table 1 ).
Is malaria a public health problem?
Globally malaria remains one of the most severe public health problems resulting in massive morbidity particularly in developing countries. Ethiopia as one of the sub-Saharan country it is highly endemic to malaria. It was noted that early detection and prompt treatment of malaria cases, selective vector control and epidemic prevention and control are the major strategies for malaria prevention and control; So far, a lot have been done and remarkable improvements were seen. However, in what extent the prevention strategy was running in the community and what factors are hindering the prevention strategy at community level was not well known in Ethiopia. Therefore this study aimed to assess measures taken to prevent malaria and associated factors among households in Gurage zone, south Ethiopia.
Why is it important to take HIV medication?
Taking HIV Medication to Stay Healthy and Prevent Transmission. If you have HIV, it is important to start treatment with HIV medication (called antiretroviral therapy or ART) as soon as possible after your diagnosis. If taken every day, exactly as prescribed, HIV medication can reduce the amount of HIV in your blood (also called the viral load) ...
Why is it called viral suppression?
It is called viral suppression because HIV medication prevents the virus from growing in your body and keeps the virus very low or “suppressed.”. Viral suppression helps keep you healthy and prevents illness.
How does HIV medication help?
In addition to preventing sexual transmission of HIV there are other benefits of taking HIV medication to achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load: 1 It reduces the risk of mother-to-child transmission from pregnancy, labor, and delivery. If a woman living with HIV can take HIV medication as prescribed throughout pregnancy, labor, and delivery and if HIV medication is given to her baby for 4-6 weeks after delivery, the risk of transmission from pregnancy, labor, and delivery can be reduced to 1% or less. Scientists don’t know if a woman living with HIV who has her HIV under control can transmit HIV to her baby through breastfeeding. While it isn’t known if or how much being undetectable or virally suppressed prevents some ways that HIV is transmitted, it is reasonable to assume that it provides some risk reduction. 2 It may reduce HIV transmission risk for people who inject drugs. Scientists do not yet know whether having a suppressed or undetectable viral load prevents HIV transmission through sharing needles or other injection drug equipment, but it is reasonable to assume that it provides some risk reduction. Even if you are taking HIV medication and are undetectable, use new equipment each time you inject and do not share needles and syringes with other people.
How long does it take to get an undetectable viral load?
Almost everyone who takes HIV medication daily as prescribed can achieve an undetectable viral load, usually within 6 months after starting treatment. There are important health benefits to getting ...
Is HIV treatment prevention?
Large research studies with newer HIV medications have shown that treatment is prevention. These studies monitored thousands of male-female and male-male couples in which one partner has HIV and the other does not over several years. No HIV transmissions were observed when the HIV-positive partner was virally suppressed.
Can you use TasP alone?
TasP can be used alone or in conjunction with other prevention strategies. Talk about your HIV status with your sexual partners and decide together which prevention methods you will use. Some states have laws that require you to tell your sexual partner that you have HIV in certain circumstances.
Can HIV be transmitted through breastfeeding?
Scientists don’t know if a woman living with HIV who has her HIV under control can transmit HIV to her baby through breastfeeding . While it isn’t known if or how much being undetectable or virally suppressed prevents some ways that HIV is transmitted, it is reasonable to assume that it provides some risk reduction.
