Table 1.
| Side effects | Symptoms | Etiology | Complications | Management |
| Permanent dry mouth (xerostomia) | Dry mouth, difficulty in eating, swallow ... | salivary glands cells damage | Opportunistic infections, denture stomat ... | Maintain adequate oral hygiene, salivary ... |
| Burning mouth syndrome | Burning or scalded of mouth; dryness, in ... | Unknown | Depression, anxiety, difficulties in fal ... | Oral rinses, lidocaine, saliva substitut ... |
| Dental caries | Dental caries | Increase of caries producing bacteria, r ... | Osteoradionecrosis, teeth loss, root can ... | Oral hygiene, management of xerostomia, ... |
| Osteoradionecrosis | Pain, bad breath, dysgeusia, numbness, t ... | Tooth extraction, implant placement, den ... | Fistula, pathologic fractures, local and ... | Debridement, antibiotic treatment and pr ... |
How long does it take to recover from radiation treatment?
The general effects of radiation therapy like fatigue, nausea, and headaches resolve fairly quickly after treatment. Your body just needs time to process the radiation but can recover within a few weeks. Delayed side effects of radiation therapy, on the other hand, may require further treatment to alleviate.
What are the long - term effects of radiation treatment?
- your skin might look darker than it was before in the treated area – as if it is suntanned
- your skin in the treatment area will always be slightly more sensitive to the sun
- your skin might feel different to touch
- your hair might grow back a different colour or texture in the treatment area
- you might have permanent hair loss within the treated area
What is the recovery time for head and neck radiation?
- The muscles attached to your jaw may tighten and make it hard to open your mouth and chew your food. ...
- Your salivary glands may not make enough saliva. ...
- The muscles in your tongue and the back of your throat may not be able to move as well. ...
- The muscles that help protect your airway when you swallow may get weaker. ...
- Your esophagus may narrow. ...
How to care for yourself after head and neck radiation?
You may also have problems:
- Cleaning your mouth and teeth (oral hygiene). This can lead to bad breath, cavities, and infections.
- Chewing and swallowing. ...
- Talking.
- Kissing.
- Having a breathing tube placed, such as if you ever need general anesthesia (medication to make you sleep during a surgery or procedure).
- Having routine dental treatment.
What are the side effects of radiation treatment on the brain?
Radiation to the brain can cause these short-term side effects:Headaches.Hair loss.Nausea.Vomiting.Extreme tiredness (fatigue)Hearing loss.Skin and scalp changes.Trouble with memory and speech.More items...•
What are side effects of having radiation to brain tumors?
What are the possible side effects of radiation therapy for brain cancer?Fatigue and mood changes. Fatigue and mood changes are among the most common side effects of radiation therapy. ... Hair loss. ... Nausea and vomiting.Skin changes. ... Headaches. ... Vision changes.Radiation necrosis.Increased risk of another brain tumor.More items...•
How long do side effects of whole brain radiation last?
You may develop fatigue after 2 to 3 weeks of treatment, and it can range from mild to severe. Fatigue may last 6 weeks to 12 months after your treatment ends. There are a lot of reasons why you may develop fatigue during treatment, including: The effects of radiation on your body.
What are the negative effects of radiation therapy?
Treatment areas and possible side effectsPart of the body being treatedPossible side effectsBrainFatigue Hair loss Memory or concentration problems Nausea and vomiting Skin changes Headache Blurry visionBreastFatigue Hair loss Skin changes Swelling (edema) Tenderness5 more rows•Jan 11, 2022
Do tumors grow back after radiation?
Normal cells close to the cancer can also become damaged by radiation, but most recover and go back to working normally. If radiotherapy doesn't kill all of the cancer cells, they will regrow at some point in the future.
Can radiation to the brain cause confusion?
Many things can cause confusion in cancer patients, including: Cancer that has spread into the brain. Cancer in the fluid around the brain. Certain cancer treatments such as chemotherapy drugs, radiation to the brain, surgery, or stem cell transplant.
Does radiation to the brain cause dementia?
Radiation-induced cognitive impairment, including dementia, is reported to occur in up to 50–90% of adult brain tumor patients who survive >6 months post-irradiation (Crossen et al., 1994; Giovagnoli and Boiardi, 1994; Johannesen et al., 2003; Meyers and Brown, 2006).
Does whole-brain radiation improve survival?
The median WBRT-free survival was 8.5 months (range 0.8–107.3 months) with 30% ultimately requiring salvage WBRT. One hundred and four patients (34%) survived beyond 1 year without the need for salvage WBRT, while 56 patients (18%) either died or required WBRT within 3 months.
Can radiation cause personality changes?
It's not unusual to feel anxious, depressed, afraid, angry, frustrated, alone, or helpless. Radiation therapy may affect your emotions indirectly through fatigue or changes in hormone balance, but the treatment itself is not a direct cause of mental distress.
What is the most common acute side effect of radiation treatment?
Fatigue is the most common acute side effect of radiation therapy. It is believed to be caused by the large amount of energy that is used by the body to heal itself in response to radiation therapy. Most people begin to feel fatigued about 2 weeks after radiation treatments begin.
What are 5 effects of radiation?
Radiation Effects on HumansDose (rem)Effects5-20Possible late effects; possible chromosomal damage.20-100Temporary reduction in white blood cells.100-200Mild radiation sickness within a few hours: vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue; reduction in resistance to infection.4 more rows
How long does it take to recover from head and neck radiation?
Your skin will gradually heal after you finish treatment, but this often takes 3 to 4 weeks. Sometimes, skin reactions get worse during the week after you finish treatment. If this happens, call your doctor or nurse. Your nurse will apply special dressings (bandages) or creams, if needed.
If You’Re Getting Radiation Therapy to The Brain
People with brain tumors often get stereotactic radiosurgery (radiation given in one large dose) if the cancer is in only one or a few sites in the...
If You’Re Getting Radiation Therapy to The Head Or Neck
People who get radiation to the head and neck might have side effects such as: 1. Soreness (or even open sores) in the mouth or throat 2. Dry mouth...
If You’Re Getting Radiation Therapy to The Breast
If you have radiation to the breast, it can affect your heart or lungs as well causing other side effects.
If You’Re Getting Radiation Therapy to The Chest
Radiation treatment to the chest may cause side effects such as: 1. Sore throat 2. Swallowing problems 3. Loss of appetite 4. Cough 5. Shortness of...
If You’Re Getting Radiation Therapy to The Abdomen (Belly)
If you are getting radiation to your stomach or some part of the abdomen (belly), you may have side effects such as: 1. Nausea 2. Vomiting 3. Belly...
If You’Re Having Radiation Therapy to The Pelvis
Radiation therapy to the pelvis (for example, as treatment for bladder, ovarian, or prostate cancer) can cause side effects such as: 1. Bladder pro...
How does radiation therapy work?
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to treat cancer. It works by damaging the cancer cells and making it hard for them to reproduce. Your body is then naturally able to get rid of the damaged cancer cells. Radiation therapy also affects normal cells.
How to keep from swallowing during radiation?
Depending on your treatment area, you may also use a bite block during your simulation and treatments. The bite block will help you keep from swallowing. To make the bite block, your radiation therapists will place a soft piece of plastic on your tongue and ask you to bite down while it hardens.
What is the role of radiation oncologist in simulation?
During the time between your simulation and your set-up procedure, your radiation oncologist will work with a team to plan your treatment. They will use the images taken during your simulation to plan the angles and shapes of your radiation beams. They will also determine the dose of radiation that you will receive.
How to make a radiation mask?
To make the mask, your radiation therapists will place a warm, wet sheet of plastic mesh over your face and upper body while you’re lying on the simulation table. The mesh has openings for your eyes, nose, and mouth.
What is external beam radiation?
You will have a type of radiation therapy called external beam radiation. During your treatments, a machine will aim beams of radiation directly at the tumor. The beams will pass through your body and destroy cancer cells in their path. You won’t see or feel the radiation. Radiation therapy takes time to work.
How long does it take to get chemo after radiation?
You will have radiation treatments every day (Monday through Friday) for about 7 weeks. You may have chemotherapy and radiation treatments on the same day. It’s safe to get chemotherapy either before or after your radiation treatment.
Where to check in for radiation treatment?
For each of your treatments, check in at the reception desk and have a seat in the waiting room. When your radiation therapists are ready for you, you will be shown to the dressing room and asked to change into a hospital gown. Keep your shoes on during your treatment.
How long does it take for radiation to cause side effects?
Late side effects can take months or even years to develop. They can occur in any normal tissue in the body that has received radiation. The risk of late side effects depends on the area treated as well as the radiation dose that was used. Careful treatment planning can help avoid serious long-term side effects.
How long does it take for radiation to show up in the brain?
Radiation to the brain can also have side effects that show up later – usually from 6 months to many years after treatment ends. These delayed effects can include serious problems such as memory loss, stroke-like symptoms, and poor brain function.
What is the most common drug used for radiation therapy?
The one most commonly used today is amifostine. This drug may be used in people with head and neck cancer to reduce the mouth problems caused by radiation therapy. Not all doctors agree on how these drugs should be used in radiation therapy. These drugs have their own side effects, too, so be sure you understand what to look for.
How long does radiation side effects last?
Remember that the type of radiation side effects you might have depends on the prescribed dose and schedule. Most side effects go away within a few months of ending treatment. Some side effects may continue after treatment ends because it takes time for the healthy cells to recover from radiation. Side effects might limit your ability ...
What is the best treatment for radiation?
One way to reduce side effects is by using radioprotective drugs, but these are only used for certain types of radiation given to certain parts of the body. These drugs are given before radiation treatment to protect certain normal tissues in the treatment area. The one most commonly used today is amifostine. This drug may be used in people with head and neck cancer to reduce the mouth problems caused by radiation therapy.
What are the side effects of brachytherapy?
If your treatment includes brachytherapy (internal radiation implants), you might notice breast tenderness, tightness, redness, and bruising. You may also have some of the same side effects that happen with external radiation treatment.
How to take care of your mouth during radiation?
Here are some tips that may help you manage mouth problems: Avoid spicy and rough foods, such as raw vegetables, dry crackers, and nuts.
Fatigue and mood changes
Fatigue and mood changes are among the most common side effects of radiation therapy.
Nausea and vomiting
About 50 to 80 percent of people undergoing traditional radiation therapy develop nausea and vomiting during or after treatment. Nausea may come in waves and may appear before vomiting.
Skin changes
Approximately 85 percent of people undergoing modern radiation therapy experience moderate to severe skin reactions around the treatment area. Some people develop dry and peeling patches of skin, while others develop skin that looks sunburned, puffy, red, or swollen.
Headaches
Radiation therapy can cause swelling of the brain that causes headaches. Headaches are a less common side effect than fatigue or irritability but can affect your quality of life. There are several medications that can help the pain from these headaches. Your doctor may also recommend steroids to address headaches.
Vision changes
Some people develop blurry vision or other vision changes because of damage to cells in the eyes or optic nerve. Vision changes due to damage to the optic nerve is a rare side effect but can seriously impact your vision. It’s important to immediately report any visual changes to your doctor.
Radiation necrosis
Radiation necrosis is a rare side effect where a lump of dead tissue forms at the tumor site months or years after the initial treatment. It can often be managed with corticosteroids, but in some cases, you may need surgery.
Increased risk of another brain tumor
Radiation can damage the DNA of your healthy cells, increasing your chances of developing cancer in your brain, surrounding tissue, or skull. The risk is small, and when it happens, tumors usually occur years after radiation.
How does radiation affect cancer?
The radiation used to destroy cancer cells can also hurt normal cells in the area that is radiated . Side effects from radiation treatment can vary, depending on the area of the body being treated. Side effects are caused by the cumulative effect of radiation on the cells. This means they develop over time and most patients do not experience any side effects until a few weeks into their treatment. Side effects may be unpleasant, but there are treatments to help deal with them. Most side effects are temporary, disappearing bit by bit after therapy is complete.
How long does it take for fatigue to go away after radiation?
Talk with your radiation oncologist and health care team about what you can expect from your specific treatment. Fatigue is very common with radiation treatment and tends to begin a few weeks into therapy. Fatigue typically resolves slowly over the weeks and months following treatment.
What are the side effects of radiosurgery?
Side effects of radiosurgery are usually related to sending high doses of radiation to particular areas of the skull. For instance, if you are treated for an acoustic neuroma (a tumor involving the nerve that controls hearing), you might lose some hearing. Treatment for trigeminal neuralgia can lead to tingling or numbness of the face.
How often do radiation oncologists see patients?
Most side effects are temporary, disappearing bit by bit after therapy is complete. Most radiation oncologists see their patients at least once a week while the patient is receiving treatment. This visit with the healthcare team is an opportunity to ask questions, talk about any side effects, and to make a plan to manage side effects. ...
What to do after cancer treatment?
After treatment, talk with your oncology team about receiving a survivorship care plan, which can help you manage the transition to survivorship and learn about life after cancer.
Can radiation therapy cause memory loss?
Avoid sun exposure, which can worsen the irritation. Some short-term memory loss and difficulty thinking can occur if you are treated with whole-brain radiation therapy. Brain tissue swelling can develop during treatment. You may get a headache or feel pressure in your head if this occurs.
Can necrotic tissue be removed?
Surgery may be needed to remove the necrotic tissue. Damage to healthy brain tissue: Although rare, this side effect can cause headaches, seizures, or even death. Harm to the pituitary gland and other areas of the brain can happen, which can affect hormone levels in the body, including thyroid and sex hormones.
How does radiation affect skin?
It may look red, sunburned, or tanned. It may also get swollen or blistered. Your skin may also become dry, flaky, or itchy. Or it may start to peel.
What happens to the body after radiation?
These problems happen when radiation damages your body. For example, scar tissue can affect the way your lungs or your heart works. Bladder, bowel, fertility, and sexual problems can start after radiation to your belly or pelvis. Another possible late effect is a second cancer.
How long after radiation therapy does skin feel better?
Don't use any tape, gauze, or bandages on your skin unless the doctor tells you to. Your skin should start to feel better a few weeks after therapy ends. But when it heals, it may be a darker color. And you’ll still need to protect yourself from the sun even after radiation therapy has ended.
How long do radiation side effects last?
There are two kinds of radiation side effects: early and late. Early side effects, such as nausea and fatigue, usually don’t last long. They may start during or right after treatment and last for several weeks after it ends, but then they get better.
How does radiation kill cancer?
Radioembolization. Cancer Caused by Radiation Therapy. Radiation therapy treats cancer by using high-energy waves to kill tumor cells. The goal is to destroy or damage the cancer without hurting too many healthy cells. This treatment can cause side effects, but they’re different for everyone. The ones you have depend on the type ...
How long does it take for radiation to show up?
Late side effects, such as lung or heart problems, may take years to show up and are often permanent when they do. The most common early side effects are fatigue and skin problems. You might get others, such as hair loss and nausea, depending on where you get radiation.
How to get rid of fatigue from cancer?
Get plenty of rest, be as active as you can, and eat the right foods. Work with a counselor or take a class at your cancer treatment center to learn ways to conserve energy, reduce stress, and keep yourself from focusing on the fatigue. Save your energy for the activities that are most important to you.
How to cover your head from radiation?
Wear a wig, head scarf, or hat to cover your head. You may have hair loss on your head if your head or neck receives radiation therapy. Hair loss may be difficult to deal with. Talk to your healthcare provider about where you can get a hairpiece or wig. Get support.
How to manage radiation side effects?
You can do the following to help get enough nutrition and manage the side effects of radiation: Eat 6 to 8 small meals per day. Eat foods high in protein and calories. Do not eat foods that increase side effects.
How does radiation affect your mental health?
Radiation therapy can affect your emotional and mental health. Talk to your healthcare provider if you feel angry, scared, helpless, depressed, or frustrated. There are medicines and therapies that can help you manage these side effects. Join a support group or talk to others that have been through radiation therapy.
What are the side effects of radiation therapy?
Late side effects of radiation therapy may be permanent. Early and late side effects may include any of the following: Fatigue or loss of energy. Pain in the area of the body that is being treated. Skin changes such as a sunburn or red skin. Hair loss in the area receiving radiation. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or indigestion.
How to get rid of a swollen ear?
Apply lotions, creams, or ointments as directed. Do not put anything on your skin before you ask your healthcare provider. Eat healthy foods as directed. Ask your healthcare provider if you need to be on a special diet. You may be on a special diet if you have nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
What is the purpose of liquids in radiation?
Liquids may prevent dehydration caused by the side effects of radiation. You may need an oral rehydration solution (ORS). An ORS contains water, salts, and sugar that are needed to replace lost body fluids. Ask what kind of ORS to use, how much to drink, and where to get it.
How to treat a swollen face?
Use a mild soap and warm water to bathe. Do not use very hot or very cold water on areas of your skin being treated. Do not rub or scratch the area of skin being treated. Wear sunscreen , hats, and clothing to protect your skin when you are outside. Apply lotions, creams, or ointments as directed .
What are the effects of radiation on the head and neck?
Late Effects After Radiation for Head and Neck Cancer. Side effects from radiation treatment are directly related to the area of the body being treated. Any area in the treatment field has a risk of being damaged, causing side effects. As radiation techniques have improved over the years, the risk of late effects has decreased.
What happens if you have radiation in your ears?
Hearing and Ear Changes. Radiation to the head can damage the cochlea (a part of the inner ear), and/or the ear canal. This can lead to hearing loss, dryness of the ear canal and fluid collection in the inner ear. These problems could result in: A full or clogged ear feeling. Dizziness.
What happens if you get radiation treatment with dry eyes?
Patients with dry eyes from radiation treatment may be at increased risk for infections in the cornea (the front part of the eye). Other possible effects can include: Shrinkage or loss of the eye. Corneal abrasions and ulcers. Glaucoma. Damage to the optic nerve, leading to vision loss or blindness.
What is the term for swelling of the face, chin, and neck?
Lymphedema: Swelling of the face, chin and neck area can occur. Notify your provider if you notice swelling. Physical therapy can be used to treat and manage lymphedema. Trismus: This is a chronic contraction of the muscle that controls the opening and closing of the mouth (TMJ).
Why is my head tilted to the side?
Scarring of muscles in the neck can cause the head to be rotated and tilted to the side. Physical therapy, cancer rehabilitation, supportive devices, and certain medications can be very helpful in managing these changes.
Can radiation damage the parotid glands?
Radiation to the head and neck can damage the salivary (parotid) glands. This can lead to: Dry Mouth. Dental problems: be sure to brush twice daily and floss once daily. Have dental exams and cleaning every 6 months and be sure your dentist is aware of your radiation treatment history.
Can you smoke while on radiation?
You should avoid smoking, secondhand smoke, vaping, hookah, and using oral tobacco products, which can make long-term and late effects from radiation worse. Because the head & neck treatment field can encompass several other structures and organs, the risks to these areas are discussed below.
