What is the psychology behind depression?
There are multiple explanations that fall under the psychodynamic "umbrella" that explain why a person develops depressive symptoms. Psychoanalysts historically believed that depression was caused by anger converted into self-hatred ("anger turned inward").
What are the treatments for depression?
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How effective are pharmacological and psychological treatments for depression?
While both pharmacological and psychological treatment alone is very effective in treating depression, a combination of the two treatments may be helpful for individuals who have not achieved wellness in a single modality.
What part of the brain is responsible for depression?
While exact anatomy and pathways are yet to be determined, research studies implicate the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. More specifically, drastic changes in blood flow throughout the prefrontal cortex have been linked with depressive symptoms.
What type of psychologists treat depression?
Psychiatrists. Like psychologists, clinical psychiatrists study, diagnose, and treat mental health conditions, like depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and others. In addition to psychotherapy, psychiatrists may treat the psychiatric disorder by prescribing medication.
What type of psychologist treats mental disorders?
Clinical psychologistsClinical psychologists assess, diagnose and treat individuals experiencing psychological distress and mental illness. They also perform psychotherapy and develop treatment plans. Clinical psychologists often work in hospitals, mental health clinics, and private practice.
What branch of psychology is how can we help people who are suffering from depression or other mental illnesses?
Abnormal Psychology Mental health professionals help assess, diagnose, and treat a wide variety of psychological disorders including anxiety and depression. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in this field.
What type of psychotherapy is most effective in treating depression?
Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Interpersonal Therapy are evidence based psychotherapies that have been found to be effective in the treatment of depression.Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)More items...•
Is mental health clinical psychology?
Conclusively, mental health counselors pursue a more humanistic approach in therapy, typically using the community as a resource in treatment, while clinical psychologists deal with mental illness and behavioral problems.
What is psychotherapy in psychology?
psychotherapy, also called counseling, any form of treatment for psychological, emotional, or behaviour disorders in which a trained person establishes a relationship with one or several patients for the purpose of modifying or removing existing symptoms and promoting personality growth.
How a positive psychologist might treat depression?
The strategies of positive psychology, such as increasing positive emotions, develop personal strengths: seeking direction, meaning and engagement for the day-to-day life of the patients, appear as potentially tools for the prophylaxis and treatment of depression, helping to reduce signs and symptoms as well as for ...
Which approach in health psychology is most likely to reduce stress depression and anxiety?
Psychotherapy. Also known as talk therapy or psychological counseling, psychotherapy involves working with a therapist to reduce your anxiety symptoms. It can be an effective treatment for anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.
What are the branches in psychology?
There are different types of psychology, such as cognitive, forensic, social, and developmental psychology. A person with a condition that affects their mental health may benefit from assessment and treatment with a psychologist. A psychologist may offer treatment that focuses on behavioral adaptations.
Why is CBT used to treat depression?
CBT teaches you to become aware of and adjust negative patterns, which can help you reframe your thinking during moments of heightened anxiety or panic. It can also provide new coping skills, like meditation or journaling, for those struggling with a substance use disorder or depression.
What kind of therapy is psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalytic therapy is a form of talk therapy based on Sigmund Freud's theories of psychoanalysis. The approach explores how the unconscious mind influences your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Which method of therapy is used most often in mental institutions?
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a popular counseling method often used to treat mental health disorders and substance use disorders. This approach focuses on how our thoughts affect our feelings and behaviors.
What is the leading school of thought within psychiatry and much of clinical psychology during the first part of the
Psychodynamic theory was the leading school of thought within psychiatry and much of clinical psychology during the first part of the 1900s.
Why do people have depression?
According to this theory, depression is caused by problems people have in developing representations of healthy relationships. Depression is a consequence of an ongoing struggle that people with depression endure in order to try and maintain emotional contact with desired objects.
What is introjective depression?
A person with introjective depression experiences intense fears of losing approval, recognition, and love from a desired object. Historically, psychodynamic theories were extensively criticized for their lack of interest in exposing their theories to scientific testing. This is known as a lack of empiricism.
What is the theory of interpersonal behavior?
According to interpersonal theory, a person with depression has negative interpersonal behaviors that cause other people to reject them. In an escalating cycle, people with depression, who desperately want reassurance from others, start to make an increasing number of requests for reassurance.
What is Coyne's theory of depression?
This is known as a lack of empiricism. However, this has started to change recently. Another modern version of psychodynamic theory , Coyne's interpersonal theory of depression has been studied extensively. It forms the basis of a very effective treatment option known as Interpersonal Therapy or IPT.
What is psychodynamic theory?
Psychodynamic theory was the leading school of thought within psychiatry and much of clinical psychology during the first part of the 1900s. It guided ideas about how therapy should be conducted. Early approaches focused on the interrelationship of the mind and mental, emotional, or motivational forces that interact to shape a personality. Dr. Sigmund Freud is credited with inventing psychodynamic theory and psychoanalysis. He suggested that the unconscious mind is divided into three parts. These parts include the: 1 Id- this is the irrational and impulsive part that is a representation of primal animal desires 2 Super-ego- which is the judgmental part that is a representation of the rules of society inside the mind 3 Ego- the rational part which tries to bridge the other two parts.
What is anaclitic depression?
Anaclitic depression involves a person who feels dependent upon relationships with others. They grieve over the threatened or actual loss of those relationships. This type is caused by the disruption of a caregiving relationship with a primary object. It is characterized by feelings of helplessness and weakness.
What is the dominant school of thought within psychiatry and much of clinical psychology during the first part of the
Psychodynamic Theories. Psychodynamic theory was the dominant school of thought within psychiatry and much of clinical psychology during the first part of the 20th century, at least with regard to ideas about how psychotherapy should be conducted.
What is the theory of depression?
According to interpersonal theory a depressed person's negative interpersonal behaviors cause other people to reject them.
What is anaclitic depression?
Anaclitic depression involves a person who feels dependent upon relationships with others and who essentially grieves over the threatened or actual loss of those relationships.
Why do people get depression?
According to object relations theory, depression is caused by problems people have in developing representations of healthy relationships. Depression is a consequence of an ongoing struggle that depressed people endure in order to try and maintain emotional contact with desired objects.
What is the branch of psychodynamic theory?
One popular branch of modern psychodynamic theory, known as object relations theory , is concerned with how people understand and mentally represent their relationships with others.
What is the theory that depression is caused by anger?
Psychoanalysts historically believed that depression was caused by anger converted into self-hatred ("anger turned inward"). A typical scenario regarding how this transformation was thought to play out may be helpful is further explaining this theory.
Why is psychology important?
Psychological theories provide evidence-based explanations for why people think, behave, and feel the way they do. Personality factors, history and early experiences; and interpersonal relationships are seen as important factors in causing depression. Unlike biology, psychology is not truly a unified field. There are still many disagreements within the field as to what subject matter is important to focus on, and what methods are best to use for studying the subject matter. Consequently, different schools of thought within psychology have developed their own theories as to why someone becomes depressed.
What is behavioral psychology?
A behavioral psychologist uses principles of how people learn to explain human behavior.
Why do people get depression?
In the mid-1970s, Peter Lewinsohn argued that depression is caused by a combination of stressors in a person's environment and a lack of personal skills. More specifically, the environmental stressors cause a person to receive less positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when people do something they find pleasurable and rewarding.
What does depression do to you?
This often leads them to criticize themselves and to withdraw from other people. They may avoid social events and get even less positive reinforcement than before.
What are some examples of depressed children?
For example, a child who has moved to a new home and has lost touch with old friends might not have the social skills necessary to easily make new friends and could become depressed. Similarly, a man who has been fired from his job and has trouble finding a new job might become depressed.
When did behaviorism start?
Behaviorism began as a form of research psychology. For the early part of the 1900s, the behaviorists were strictly scientists. They worked in universities on psychological research problems. They did not really start to think about mental illness and therapy until the 1930s and 40s. This was well after the psychodynamic therapists had already ...
Can depression cause you to do chores?
They may start to do their chores for them, while the person with depression lays in bed. If the person with depression was not thrilled to be doing those chores in the first place, remaining depressed so as to avoid having to do those chores might start to seem rewarding.
What are the two most common types of depressive disorders?
6.1.1.2 Types of Depressive Disorders. The two most common types of depressive disorders are: major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD). PDD (previously known as Dysthymia) is thought to be a more chronic, and potentially less severe form depression. More specifically, although symptoms for MDD ...
Which brain structures are involved in depressive disorders?
While exact anatomy and pathways are yet to be determined, research studies implicate the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.
How to do cognitive behavioral therapy?
Cognitive behavioral therapy generally follows three phases of treatment: 1 Phase 1: Increasing pleasurable activities. Similar to behavioral activation (read below), the clinician encourages the client to identify and engage in activities that are pleasurable to the individual. The clinician is able to help the client identify the activity and plan when they will engage in that activity. 2 Phase 2: Identifying automatic negative thoughts. During this stage, the clinician provides psychoeducation about the automatic negative thoughts that can maintain symptoms of depression. The client learns to identify these thoughts on their own and maintains a thought journal of these cognitions to review with the clinician in session. 3 Phase 3: Challenging automatic negative thoughts. Once the individual is consistently able to identify these negative thoughts on a daily basis, the clinician is able to help the client identify how these thoughts are maintaining their depressive symptoms. It is at this point that the client begins to have direct insight as to how their cognitions contribute to their disorder. Finally, the client is taught to challenge the negative thoughts and replacing them with positive thoughts.
How does depression affect cognition?
It should not come as a surprise that there are serious disruptions in cognitions as individuals with depressive disorders typically hold a negative view of themselves and the world around them. They are quick to blame themselves when things go wrong, and rarely take credit when they experience positive achievements. Feelings of worthlessness and guilt are common symptoms of depression. These distorted cognitions can create a negative feedback loop and further contribute to feelings of depression. Finally, thoughts of suicide and self-harm do occasionally occur in those with depressive disorders and are considered one of the most severe symptoms of depression.
What are the most common DSM disorders?
Among those that are the most common are anxiety disorders, ADHD, and substance abuse.
What are the symptoms of depression?
Common depressive symptoms such as feeling sad, lack of energy, anhedonia, difficulty concentrating and thoughts of suicide are the hallmark in most societies, but other symptoms may be more specific to one’s nationality. More specifically, individuals from Asian cultures often focus on the physical symptoms of depression – tiredness, weakness, sleep issues, and there is less of an emphasis on the cognitive symptoms. Individuals from Latino and Mediterranean cultures often experience problems with “nerves” and headaches as primary symptoms of depression (APA, 2013).
What are the biological factors that cause depression?
Among the biological factors are genetic factors, biochemical factors, endocrine factors, and brain structure.
What is the psychology of depression?
Psychology of Depression- Behavioral Theories. Behaviorism began as a form of research psychology. For the early part of the 20th century, the behaviorists were strictly scientists, working in universities on psychological research problems.
Why is depression caused by stress?
In the mid 1970s, Peter Lewinsohn argued that depression is caused by a combination of stressors in a person's environment and a lack of personal skills. More specifically, the environmental stressors cause a person to receive a low rate of positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when people do something they find pleasurable ...
What are the different types of mental health professionals?
There are mental health counselors, social workers, nurses and nurse practitioners, and others who deal with issues of mental health.
What type of doctor is a psychiatrist?
Your doctor might refer you to any of the following mental health professionals: Psychiatrist. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor (M.D. or D.O.) who specializes in preventing, diagnosing, and treating mental illness.
What is humanistic therapy?
Humanistic Therapy. This approach to therapy is based on the idea that people are capable of making rational choices and developing their maximum potential. This approach to therapy is often client centered, with the client being seen as the authority on what is going on inside. Integrative or Holistic Therapy.
What is the emphasis of cognitive therapy?
The emphasis in cognitive therapy is on a person's thoughts. The idea is that dysfunctional thinking is what leads to dysfunctional emotions or behaviors. The goal is to help the person recognize unhealthy thinking patterns and to recognize and change inaccurate beliefs. Humanistic Therapy.
What is psychodynamic therapy?
Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapies. The idea behind this kind of therapy is that people's lives are affected by unconscious issues and conflicts. The goal of the therapist is to help the person bring those issues to a conscious level where they can be understood and dealt with.
What is the difference between psychotherapy and counseling?
Although the terms counseling and therapy are often used interchangeably, there is a difference between psychotherapy and psychological counseling. Counseling focuses on specific issues and is designed to help a person address a particular problem, such as addiction or stress management.
What is a psychological counselor?
A psychological counselor is a mental health professional who has a master's degree (MA) in psychology, counseling, or a related field. In order to be licensed, the professional counselor also needs two additional years' experience working with a qualified mental health professional after graduate school.
What are the different approaches to psychotherapy?
Approaches to psychotherapy fall into five broad categories: Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies. This approach focuses on changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their unconscious meanings and motivations.
What is behavior therapy?
Behavior therapy. This approach focuses on learning's role in developing both normal and abnormal behaviors.#N#Ivan Pavlov made important contributions to behavior therapy by discovering classical conditioning, or associative learning. Pavlov's famous dogs, for example, began drooling when they heard their dinner bell, because they associated the sound with food.#N#" Desensitizing " is classical conditioning in action: A therapist might help a client with a phobia through repeated exposure to whatever it is that causes anxiety.#N#Another important thinker was E.L. Thorndike, who discovered operant conditioning. This type of learning relies on rewards and punishments to shape people's behavior.#N#Several variations have developed since behavior therapy's emergence in the 1950s. One variation is cognitive-behavioral therapy, which focuses on both thoughts and behaviors. 1 Ivan Pavlov made important contributions to behavior therapy by discovering classical conditioning, or associative learning. Pavlov's famous dogs, for example, began drooling when they heard their dinner bell, because they associated the sound with food. 2 " Desensitizing " is classical conditioning in action: A therapist might help a client with a phobia through repeated exposure to whatever it is that causes anxiety. 3 Another important thinker was E.L. Thorndike, who discovered operant conditioning. This type of learning relies on rewards and punishments to shape people's behavior. 4 Several variations have developed since behavior therapy's emergence in the 1950s. One variation is cognitive-behavioral therapy, which focuses on both thoughts and behaviors.
What is cognitive behavioral therapy?
One variation is cognitive-behavioral therapy, which focuses on both thoughts and behaviors. Cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy emphasizes what people think rather than what they do. Cognitive therapists believe that it's dysfunctional thinking that leads to dysfunctional emotions or behaviors.
Who are the major figures in cognitive therapy?
Major figures in cognitive therapy include Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Humanistic therapy. This approach emphasizes people's capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential. Concern and respect for others are also important themes.
Do therapists tie themselves to one approach?
Many therapists don't tie themselves to any one approach. Instead, they blend elements from different approaches and tailor their treatment according to each client's needs. Adapted from the Encyclopedia of Psychology. Date created: 2009.
Which antidepressant is the most commonly prescribed?
Citalopram (Celexa) Paroxetine (Paxil, Pexera) Sertraline (Zoloft) Vilazodone (Viibryd) SSRIs are typically the most prescribed antidepressant due to most people being more tolerant of them compared to other antidepressants and they have fewer side effects.
What is the purpose of antidepressants?
As depression is a condition which is strongly believed to be associated with chemical imbalances within the brain, antidepressants are used to help alter these imbalances to improve the symptoms of this condition. There are 5 main classifications of antidepressants that are commonly prescribed to treat depression (SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, ...
What is the process of serotonin being reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron?
This latter process is called re-uptake.
Why are SSRIs selective?
SSRIs are called selective because they mainly affect serotonin, rather than any of neurotransmitters. These antidepressants do not cause more serotonin to be produced in the brain, but instead help the brain to use the serotonin levels it has more effectively.
Where do neurotransmitters go?
Neurotransmission is when neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) which have travelled through neurons, reach the presynaptic terminals , and are released into the synaptic cleft, to be taken up by the corresponding receptors of the postsynaptic neuron.
Which neurotransmitter is influenced by antidepressants?
There are three main neurotransmitters which are influenced by antidepressants and are believed to be involved in the regulation of mood: Serotonin – this is believed to play a role in mood, feelings of happiness, rewards, appetite, and sleep. Dopamine – this plays a role in how we feel pleasure, motivation, arousal, and decision-making.
What are some examples of SSRIs?
Below are examples of some of the SSRIs that can be prescribed: Fluoxetine (Prozac) – this was the first major SSRI created in 1987.
