What is the world mental health survey initiative?
Context: Little is known about the extent or severity of untreated mental disorders, especially in less-developed countries. Objective: To estimate prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 14 countries (6 less developed, 8 developed) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World …
What is the prevalence of mood disorders?
· Anxiety disorders are the most common disorders in all but 1 country (higher prevalence of mood disorders in Ukraine), with prevalence in …
Does psychoactive drug use correlate with perceived health?
Prevalence, Severity, and Unmet Need for Treatment of Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium* A LTHOUGH SURVEYS OF MEN-tal disorders have been car-ried out since the end of World War II,1-3 cross-national comparisons were hampered byinconsistenciesindiagnosticmeth-
When is World Mental Health Day?
As part of its campaign on suicide prevention and to mark World Mental Health Day on 10 October, WHO reports on the progress of suicide prevention at the primary health care level in Ukraine.
How can education help with mental health?
“Educational activities at schools are proven to be effective in raising mental health literacy and preventing self-harm and suicides. For instance, implementation of the Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM) programme for young people aged 14–16 years was found to reduce the risk of self-harm among youth by up to 50%,” concludes Dr Chisholm.
What is the WMH survey?
The WMH surveys are representative community surveys that were carried out in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. Results show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th–75thpercentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, and substance disorders) is 18.1–36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8–19.1%. Analysis of age-of-onset reports shows that many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions. Adult mental disorders are found in the WMH data to be associated with high levels of role impairment. Despite this burden, the majority of mental disorders go untreated. Although these results suggest that expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both the employer perspective and the societal perspective, treatment effectiveness trials are needed to confirm this suspicion. The WMH results regarding impairments are being used to target several such interventions.
What are the core disorders of WMH?
The core disorders assessed in the WMH surveys are anxiety disorders (panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD), mood disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder), disruptive behavior disorders ( ADHD, conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder), and substance disorders (alcohol and drug abuse-dependence). The first set of WMH surveys, which have been the focus of our analysis up to now (15), show that these disorders are quite common overall in the countries studied. The inter-quartile range (IQR; 25th–75th percentiles across countries) of the lifetime prevalence estimate of having any DSM-V/CIDI disorder is 18.1–36.1%. A lifetime DSM-IV/CIDI diagnosis was found among more than one--third of respondents in five countries (Colombia, France, New Zealand, Ukraine, United States), more than one--fourth in six others (Belgium, Germany, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, South Africa), and in more than one-sixth in an additional four (Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain). The remaining two countries studied so far, China (13.2%) and Nigeria (12.0%), had considerably lower prevalence estimates that are likely to be downwardly biased (5, 24). Prevalence estimates for other developing countries were all above the lower bound of the IQR. Twelve-month prevalence estimates are generally 40–60% as high as lifetime prevalence estimates. When coupled with the fact that our clinical reappraisal studies showed lifetime prevalence estimates in developed countries to be accurate and with the possibility that prevalence estimates in less developed countries are under-estimated, these results argue persuasively that mental disorders have great public health importance throughout the world.
What is the most common disorder in the world?
Focusing on individual disorders, the WMH data find that specific phobia is the most prevalent of the disorders we studied, with lifetime prevalence in the 6–12% range and 12-month prevalence in the 4–8% range. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is generally the next most prevalent disorder, with lifetime prevalence in the 4–10% range and 12-month prevalence in the 3–6% range. Social phobia is generally the next most prevalent disorder, with prevalence sometimes approaching that of MDD. These prevalence estimates are, if anything, conservative, though, as controversy exists regarding the possibility that the current diagnostic criteria for some disorders in the DSM and ICD systems are overly conservative (19, 23). A related issue is that clinically significant sub-threshold manifestations of some disorders are more prevalent than the disorders themselves (1, 17). However, we do not currently have good estimates of the proportion of the population meeting criteria for one or more sub-threshold disorders because community epidemiological surveys have for the most part not explored sub-threshold manifestations systematically.
Why is a fully structured interview important for WMH?
The use of a fully-structured interview is central to WMH success, as many participating countries do not have the trained mental health professions needed to implement a large-scale clinical survey. However, the WMH collaborators are also encouraged to carry out blinded clinician re-interviews with a probability sub-sample of WMH respondents to confirm that CIDI diagnoses are consisted with clinical diagnoses. Methodological studies have documented good concordance of this sort (7).
What is the WMH?
The WMH results regarding impairments are being used to target several such interventions. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative is a WHO initiative designed to help countries carry out and analyze epidemiological surveys of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders.
Do mental disorders go untreated?
Despite this burden, the majority of mental disorders go untreated. Although these results suggest that expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both the employer perspective and the societal perspective, treatment effectiveness trials are needed to confirm this suspicion.
Is mental illness common?
The latter finding argues much more persuasively than the naturalistic survey findings that mental disorders are actual causesrather than merely correlatesof impaired role functioning. Based on these results, we can safely conclude that mental disorders are common and consequential from a societal perspective throughout the world. Yet, as reported elsewhere (25), the WMH data show that only a small minority of people with mental disorders receive treatment in most countries and that even fewer receive high-quality treatment. This situation has to change. A good argument could be made based on the results about treatment effectiveness that an expansion of treatment would be a human capital investment opportunity from the employer perspective. The same argument could be made about human capital consequences of expanded treatment from a societal perspective. Ongoing WMH analyses will continue to refine naturalistic analyses of the adverse effects of mental disorders in an effort to target experimental interventions that can demonstrate the value of expanded treatment to address the enormous global burden of mental disorders.
What is the national survey on drug use and health?
It provides nationally representative data on mental illness, mental health care , substance use disorders, and substance use treatment among the US civilian noninstitutionalized population ages eighteen and older. We calculated an annual mean weighted response rate of 63.5 percent for the 2008–14 surveys, according to the definition of response rate 2 of the American Association for Public Opinion Research.19Details regarding survey methods have been published elsewhere.18
What percentage of people with mental illness have substance use disorders?
In particular, among the 42.1 million adults with mental illness, 18.2 percent also had substance use disorders. Among the 20.3 million adults with substance use disorders (annual average), 37.9 percent also had mental illness. The overall prevalence of co-occurring disorders was generally stable during the study period (for the overall trend, ...
What is the relationship between mental health and substance use disorders?
Substance use disorders and mental disorders influence each other , and their combined presentation (hereafter referred to as co-occurring disorders) results in more profound functional impairment; worse treatment outcomes; higher morbidity and mortality; increased treatment costs; and higher risk for homelessness, incarceration, and suicide than each of the individual disorders.1–4Current treatment guidelines recommend that people with co-occurring disorders receive treatments for both disorders.5–7However, little is known about the twelve-month prevalence, service use patterns, correlates of mental health and substance use treatments, and unmet treatment need among US adults with co-occurring disorders.
What percentage of people with co-occurring disorders receive both types of care?
Despite current treatment guidelines that call for both types of disorders to be treated when they co-occur, 5–7 only 9.1 percent of adults with co-occurring disorders received both types of care in the past year, and 52.5 percent received neither mental health care nor substance use treatment.
How many people with co-occurring disorders received neither mental health care nor substance use treatment in the past year?
More than half of adults with co-occurring disorders received neither mental health care nor substance use treatment in the past year. Furthermore, we found that 52.5 percent of adults with co-occurring disorders received neither mental health care nor substance use treatment in the past year.
What is substance use treatment?
Substance use treatment refers to treatment received for the use of illicit drugs or alcohol or for medical problems associated with that use. 26 It includes treatment received in the past year at a hospital (inpatient), rehabilitation facility (outpatient or inpatient), mental health center, emergency department (ED), the office of a private physician, or prison or jail. The surveys asked adults with substance use problems whether they perceived that they had had unmet need for substance use treatment in the past year. Those who perceived unmet need for that treatment and who had not received it were asked to report reasons why they did not receive it.
How many people in the US do not receive substance abuse treatment?
Among the 7.7 million US adults with co-occurring disorders, 6.1 million (87.0 percent) did not receive substance use treatment in the past year. Among those who did not receive treatment, only 633,000 (9.5 percent) perceived an unmet need for it in the past year (data not shown) and reported their reasons.
What is the prevalence of mental disorders?
The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th–75thpercentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance use disorders) is 18.1–36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8–19.1%. Prevalence estimates of 12-month Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are 4–6.8% in half the countries, 2.3–3.6% in one-fourth, and 0.8–1.9% in one-fourth. Many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions in the WMH data. Adult mental disorders are found to be associated with such high role impairment in the WMH data that available clinical interventions could have positive cost-effectiveness ratios.
How many countries are there in the WMH survey?
The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, distribution, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders.
What is the WMH survey?
The WMH Survey Initiative is an initiative of the World Health Organization (WHO) designed to help countries throughout the world carry out and analyze epidemiological surveys of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders. A key aim of the WMH surveys is to help countries that would not otherwise have the expertise or infrastructure to implement high quality community epidemiological surveys by providing centralized instrument development, training, and data analysis (www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh). Twenty-eight countries have so far completed WMH surveys. The vast majority of these surveys are nationally representative, although a few are representative of only a single region (e.g., the San Paolo metropolitan area in Brazil) or regions (e.g., six metropolitan areas in Japan).
What are the two types of disorders assessed in the WMH?
The other two commonly occurring classes of disorders assessed in the WMH surveys are externalizing disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder , oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder) and substance use disorders (alcohol and illicit drug abuse and dependence). Impulse-control disorders are the less prevalent of these two in terms of lifetime prevalence in most of the WMH countries that included a relatively full assessment of these disorders (0.3–25.0%, IQR: 3.1–5.7%). Substance use disorders are generally less prevalent elsewhere (1.3–15.0%, IQR: 4.8–9.6). The Western European countries did not assess illicit drug abuse or dependence, though, leading to artificially low lifetime prevalence estimates (1.3–8.9%) compared to other countries (2.2–15.0%). Substance dependence was also assessed only in the presence of abuse, possibly further reducing estimated prevalence (Hasin & Grant, 2004). The same general pattern holds for 12-month prevalence, where substance disorders (0.2–6.4%; IQR: 1.2–2.8%) and impulse--control disorders (0.1–10.5%; IQR: 0.6–2.6%) are consistently less prevalent than anxiety or mood disorders.
What is the most common mental disorder?
Focusing on individual disorders, specific phobia is generally found to be the most prevalent mental disorder in community epidemiological surveys, with lifetime prevalence estimates usually in the 6–12% range and 12-month prevalence estimates in the 4–8% range (Silverman & Moreno, 2005). Major depressive disorder (MDD) is generally found to be the next most prevalent disorder, with lifetime prevalence estimates usually in the 4–10% range and 12-month prevalence estimates in the 3–6% range (Judd & Akiskal, 2000). Social phobia is generally found to be the next most prevalent disorder, with prevalence estimates sometimes approaching those of MDD (Furmark, 2002). The WMH estimates are generally quite consistent with these more general patterns.
How reliable is SDS?
Previous methodological studies have documented good internal consistency reliability across the SDS domains (Hambrick et al.2004; Leon et al.1997), a result that we replicated in the WMH data by finding Cronbach’s alpha (a measure of internal consistency reliability) in the range .82–.92 across countries. Importantly, reliability was high both in developed countries (median .86; inter-quartile range .84–.88) and developing countries (median .90; inter-quartile range .88–.90). Previous methodological studies have also documented good discrimination between role functioning of cases and controls based on SDS scores in studies of social phobia (Hambrick et al.2004), PTSD (Connor & Davidson, 2001), panic disorder (Leon et al.1997), and substance abuse (Pallanti et al.2006). Similar results were found in the WMH surveys in responses to a question asked after the SDS about “How many days out of 365 in the past year were you totally unable to work or carry out you normal activities because of (the illness)?” If the SDS measures genuine disability, we would expect correlations of SDS scores to be significant and comparable for physical and mental disorders with this relatively objective measure of disability. That is, in fact, what we found. In developed countries, the multiple correlations of the four SDS domain scores predicting days out of role were .55 for mental disorders and .50 for physical disorders, while the comparable correlations in less developed countries were .39 for mental disorders and .36 for physical disorders.
Is mental health treatment cost effective?
Mental disorders are commonly occurring and often seriously impairing in many countries throughout the world. Expansion of treatment could be cost-effective both from both employer and societal perspectives.