It occurs in more than 60% of full-term infants. Pharmacologic treatment should be initiated for children who have both hypertension and diabetes, symptomatic hypertension, Stage 2 hypertension, end-organ damage, or Stage 1 hypertension that is resistant to lifestyle modifications. Obesity is a risk factor, but is not a sole indicator of treatment.
Which medications are used to treat hypertension in children?
ACE inhibitors and CCBs are commonly prescribed, owing to a better adverse-effect profile. Additional agents such as ARBs, BBs, and diuretics may be included as part of a multidrug regimen. Pharmacists can play a key role in the treatment of children with hypertension.
How has the treatment of hypertension changed in children and adolescents?
The treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents has been markedly changed in recent years by several factors, including the publication of new consensus recommendations, the obesity epidemic, and the increased availability of information on efficacy and safety of antihypertensive medications in the young.
What is the role of a pharmacist in pediatric hypertension?
Pharmacists can play a key role in the treatment of children with hypertension. Encouraging lifestyle modifications, ensuring that the pharmacotherapy plan is appropriate, providing adequate counseling, and assisting in the monitoring of the patient’s BP are a few examples of how the pharmacist can assist in the treatment of pediatric hypertension.
What do you need to know about pediatric hypertension?
Pediatric Hypertension: A Review of Diagnosis and Treatment 1 Etiology. Hypertension can be secondary to another disease process,... 2 Diagnosis and Monitoring. The current guidelines of the National High Blood Pressure Education... 3 Classification and Staging. In children and adolescents, normal BP is based on gender, age,...
When do you treat hypertension in children?
Lifestyle changes are recommended for children with hypertension (defined as blood pressure >95th percentile) or those with elevated blood pressure (defined as blood pressure >90th to the 95th percentile or if blood pressure exceeds 120/80 mmHg in adolescents 13 years or older).
How do you manage hypertension in children?
Even if your child takes medication for high blood pressure, lifestyle changes can make the medication work better.Control your child's weight. ... Give your child a healthy diet. ... Decrease salt in your child's diet. ... Encourage physical activity. ... Limit screen time. ... Get the family involved.
What is hypertension in a child?
High blood pressure (hypertension) in children is blood pressure that is at or above the 95th percentile for children who are the same sex, age and height as your child. There isn't a simple target range for high blood pressure in all children because what's considered normal changes as children grow.
What is the most common cause of high BP in children and adolescents?
Primary hypertension is now the most common cause of hypertension in children and adolescents.
What does a ACE inhibitor do?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are medications that help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels.
What is the leading cause of pediatric hypertension?
Etiologies. Most childhood hypertension, particularly in preadolescents, is secondary to an underlying disorder (Table 27). Renal parenchymal disease is the most common (60 to 70 percent) cause of hypertension. Adolescents usually have primary or essential hypertension, making up 85 to 95 percent of cases.
How is low blood pressure treated in teens?
Treatment of Low Blood Pressure Pediatric hypotension is typically treated by treating the underlying condition or with lifestyle changes. Adaptations may include drinking more water, changing medications, wearing compression socks, or eating more salt. As with hypertension, medication may be required in some cases.
What are ACE inhibitors examples?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitors) drugs include Benazepril (Lotensin), Captopril (Capoten), Enalapril/Enalaprilat (Vasotec oral and injectable), Fosinopril (Monopril), Lisinopril (Zestril and Prinivil), Moexipril (Univasc), Perindopril (Aceon), Quinapril (Accupril), Ramipril (Altace), and ...
Introduction
Methods
- All supporting data are available within the article and its online supplementary files. The study protocol can be found online at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=84462.
Results
- The literature search resulted in the identification of 554 potentially relevant studies: 494 were excluded because they did not fulfill all the inclusion criteria; of the 60 full text reports assessed, 47 were excluded because of missing data (n=9), duplicated reports (n=3), selected cohorts (n=8), not randomized (n=16), ongoing studies (n=1), or retrospective design (n=10). Thirteen studies (…
Discussion
- The prevalence of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents, together with overweight and obesity, has increased markedly in recent years: recent estimates indicate that up to 13% of children in Europe display elevated BP.2 Strong evidence indicates that childhood hypertension is associated with cardiac organ damage7,8 and represents a strong risk factor for the developme…
Perspectives
- Arterial hypertension affects up to 13% of the pediatric population in Europe,2 target organ damage associated with elevated BP starts in childhood,7,8 and several studies demonstrated the evidence of BP tracking from childhood into adulthood.40A well-timed diagnosis of childhood hypertension, including the diagnostic workup for secondary forms, is of outmost importance to …
Acknowledgments
- All the authors contributed extensively to the work presented in this article. S. Monticone, P. Mulatero, and F. D’Ascenzo conceived the study. J. Burrello, E.M. Erhardt, and G. Saint-Hilary performed the literature search, analyzed the data, and wrote the article. F. Veglio, F. Rabbia, and G. Saint-Hilary contributed to study protocol and key data interpretation. P. Mulatero, F. Rabbia, …