How do I select the preferential treatment policy?
Preferences are often described as a “tip” or a “plus factor.” Opponents of preferences view them as large and often mechanical, and describe them as “race-norming” or adding “hundreds of points” to the scores of favored racial or social groups. Adverse Impact: The negative effect a policy or action has on an individual or group. This often arises in the context of a claim that …
What are the arguments for preferential treatment in hiring?
the right of all adult citizens to vote after the civil war, women's rights activist called for the universal suffrage. What did they mean by this? neutral or colorblind opponents of policies such as quotas and preferential treatment argue the laws should be requires that a law be substantially related to an important objective
Are quotas legal in affirmative action programs?
opponents of policies such as quotas and preferential treatment use what term to describe these remedies to past discrimination? reverse discrimination established by the civil rights act of 1964, the agency responsible for monitoring affirmative action programs in …
What is an example of a quota system?
An often-used -- and misused -- term in the lexicon of affirmative action is "quotas." President George Bush, for example, in vetoing the Civil Rights Bill of 1991, labeled it "a quota bill," and opponents of affirmative action use the word as a general pejorative to taint all race-conscious remedies for discrimination and efforts to prevent discrimination to promote equal opportunity.
What is overt discrimination?
Overt discrimination, in the sense that an employer actually refuses to hire solely because of race, religion, color, or national origin is not as prevalent as is generally believed. To a greater degree, the indifference of employers to establishing a positive policy of nondiscrimination hinders qualified applicants and employees from being hired and promoted on the basis of equality.
What executive order bans discrimination in the defense industry?
E.O. 8802: President Franklin Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802, which bans racial discrimination in any defense industry receiving federal contracts and established the Fair Employment Practices Committee to investigate such complaints.#N#EO 9346: In 1943, President Roosevelt broadened the coverage of Executive Order 8802 by making it applicable to all government contractors.#N#EO 10308: Nearly a decade later, on December 3, 1951, President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 10308 advanced the achievements initiated during WWII by creating the Committee on Government Contract Compliance. The committee, as its name implies, was tasked with overseeing compliance by federal contractors with the non-discrimination provisions of Executive Order 8802.#N#EO 10479: President Dwight D. Eisenhower took a further step on August 13, 1953, by creating the President's Committee on Government Contracts under Executive Order 10479. This reorganization furthered the principle that "…it is the obligation of the contracting agencies of the United States Government and government contractors to insure compliance with, and successful execution of, the equal employment opportunity program of the United States Government."#N#This Executive Order made the head of each contracting agency of the federal government responsible for obtaining compliance by their contractors and subcontractors with the nondiscrimination provisions of the contracts into which they entered. Coordination would be provided by the President's Committee on Government Contracts, housed in the Department of Labor, and comprised of representatives of major contracting agencies, the Labor and Justice Departments, and the General Services Administration as well as eight Presidential appointees. The President designated the Committee's chair and vice chair.
What is the debate over affirmative action?
The debate over affirmative action demarcates a philosophical divide, separating those with sharply different views of the "American dilemma" -- how the nation should treat African Americans, other people of color and women. This division centers on a number of questions: to what extent discrimination and bias persist, especially in a systemic way; to what degree affirmative action programs have been effective in providing otherwise unavailable opportunities in education, employment, and business; and to what extent affirmative action programs appear to unduly benefit African Americans and other people of color at the expense of the white majority.
Why do we need affirmative action?
Why do we need Affirmative Action? Because simple fairness demands it. The nation’s future requires it.
Why is affirmative action used?
Ironically, affirmative action is used to eliminate the effects of preferences enjoyed by some for more than three centuries.
Which states have banned affirmative action?
Spearheaded by these organizations voters in the states of California, Washington, Michigan, Nebraska and Arizona have passed initiatives to prohibit affirmative action.
When did diversity management become a thing?
In employment, “diversity management” gained prominence in the 1990s as a voluntary effort by corporate America, unrelated to the mandatory compliance embodied in the law. Unlike the Executive Order regulations, there is no standardized method for attaining diversity. Diversity programs have different definitions and appear to vary from organization to organization.
Why do advocates of affirmative action say the effort must continue?
Proponents of affirmative action say the effort must continue because of the low percentages of diversity in positions of authority, representation in the media, and limited acknowledgment of the achievements of underrepresented groups.
What is the policy of low representation?
The policy focuses on demographics who have historically had low representation in positions of leadership, professional roles, and academics, and is often considered a means of countering historical discrimination against particular groups.
How did the Regents v. Bakke case change affirmative action policies?
The Regents v. Bakke case changed affirmative action policies by striking down the use of racial quotas. The case was presented by Allan Bakke, who claimed he was denied admission to medical school at the University of California on two separate occasions because he was white. The Supreme Court ruled Bakke's favor, saying racial quotas were unconstitutional.
What is affirmative action?
Affirmative action is a policy that aims to increase opportunities in the workplace or education to underrepresented parts of society by taking into account an individual's color, race, sex, religion, or national origin.
Why was affirmative action enacted?
Affirmative action was enacted to provide underrepresented groups a more accurate representation within key roles in government, business and academic positions.
What are the criticisms of affirmative action?
The criticism of affirmative action includes high program costs, hiring fewer qualified candidates, and a lack of historical progress in equal representation.
What is the difference between affirmative action and employment equity?
But there's a distinct difference between the two. Employment equity ensures that all individuals are treated equally while affirmative action actually supports those who have historically been denied opportunities.
What was the African National Congress's policy of affirmative action?
Following the transition to democracy in 1994, the African National Congress -led government chose to implement affirmative action legislation to correct previous imbalances (a policy known as employment equity). As such, all employers were compelled by law to employ previously disenfranchised groups (blacks, Indians, and Coloureds ). A related, but distinct concept is Black Economic Empowerment.
What is mismatching in affirmative action?
Mismatching is the term given to the supposed negative effect that affirmative action has when it places a student into a college that is too difficult for them. For example, in the absence of affirmative action, a student will be admitted to a college that matches his or her academic ability and has a good chance of graduating. However, according to the mismatching hypothesis, affirmative action often places a student into a college that is too difficult, and this increases the student's chance of dropping out of the college or of their desired major. Thus, affirmative action hurts its intended beneficiaries, because it increases their dropout rates. Mismatching has also been cited as a contributing factor in lowered pursuit and completion of STEM degrees among certain populations.
What is the Malaysian New Economic Policy?
The Malaysian New Economic Policy or NEP is a form of ethnicity-based affirmative action. Malaysia provides affirmative action to those that are deemed "Bumiputera", which includes the Malay population, Orang Asli, and the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak, who together form a majority of the population.
What did affirmative action do to South Africa?
Affirmative action created marginalization for coloured and Indian races in South Africa, as well as developing and aiding the middle and elite classes, leaving the lower class behind. This created a bigger gap between the lower and middle class, which led to class struggles and a greater segregation.
Why do states have to take affirmative action?
The United Nations Human Rights Committee states that "the principle of equality sometimes requires States parties to take affirmative action in order to diminish or eliminate conditions which cause or help to perpetuate discrimination prohibited by the Covenant.
Why is affirmative action important?
Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in employment and pay, increasing access to education, promoting diversity, and redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances.
What is positive action?
In such countries, the focus tends to be on ensuring equal opportunity and, for example, targeted advertising campaigns to encourage ethnic minority candidates to join the police force. This is sometimes called positive action .
What is preferential treatment?
Preferential treatment refers to policies that go beyond affirmative action by seemingly changing the job standards in effort to hire more women and people of color. Arguments for: classical model Arguments against: Utilitarianism
Why is preferential treatment important?
One of the major arguments for preferential treatment in hiring is that such policies are legitimate for compensating people for harms they have suffered. To fail to compensate continues a practice undeserved advantages for white males having to compete in an unfairly restricted job pool and undeserved disadvantages for victims of discrimination.
What is the maximalist approach to the question of whether there are any values that can be reasonably applied across cultures?
The maximalist approach to the question of whether there are any values that can be reasonably applied across cultures holds that as corporations cause, no harm, they have fulfilled their ethical responsibilities by meeting their economic goal of producing goods, services, jobs, and profits for consumers, employees, and shareholders.
What is the most qualified candidate has a legitimate ethical claim on a job?
To conclude that the most qualified candidate has a legitimate ethical claim on a job is to treat jobs as the private property of business owners to be distributed as they see fit, not as social goods that should be distributed on grounds of fairness
What is the challenge of the minimalist approach?
One major challenge to the minimalist approach which holds that business is free to pursue its economic interests as long as certain minimal moral rights are violated in the process is that it does not seem to explain why the responsibilities correlated with these rights fall to multinational business rather than to government.
Is it unfair to treat likes alike?
Even though the principle of equality in its most basic sense requires us to treat likes alike, ignoring the effects of undeserved and unfair disadvantages is not treating unlike's alike as long as it is done for the sake of some formal princip le of equal or identical treatment
Is there a strong political consensus in favor of local environmental, labor, and consumer regulation?
True. There is no strong worldwide political consensus in favor of local environmental, labor, and consumer regulation, so there is no opposition to free trade agreement and the WTO that will be major engines for deregulation. False. Defenders of the "Golden Straitjacket" policies argue that poor nations are free to reject such policies as, ...