How are doses determined?
Prescription drug dosage is based typically on body weight. Drugs come with a recommended dose in milligrams or micrograms per kilogram of body weight, and that is used in conjunction with the patient's body weight to determine a safe dosage.
What is an Isobole?
An isobole is a plot in rectangular coordinates when the axes represent the doses of drug A and drug B. The points that constitute the isobole are therefore doses that represent the amount of each drug expected to yield an effect of specified magnitude when the two compounds are administered together.
How is drug response measured?
The metrics usually used to parameterize drug response (IC50, Emax, or AUC) are based on assessing the cell count of a treated condition relative to an untreated control.
How do you know which drug is more potent?
Potency: the amount of drug required to produce an effect of given intensity. Differences in drug potency are evaluated by comparing EC50 (or ED50) values. (Example: the drugs in Figure 3 vary only by their potency or receptor affinity, and not in terms of their maximal response.)
What is Chou Talalay method?
The Chou-Talalay method for drug combination is based on the median-effect equation, derived from the mass-action law principle, which is the unified theory that provides the common link between single entity and multiple entities, and first order and higher order dynamics.
What is Isobolographic analysis?
Isobolographic analysis, which is a graphic method often used in pharmacology to analyze mixture effects, is used to examine the LD50 values for the blends visually (Berenbaum, 1989; Greco et al., 1995).
What is AUC in drug sensitivity?
AUC is unambiguous, combines information about the potency (EC50, IC50) and efficacy (Amax) of the drug into a single measure, and has been shown to be a robust metric for comparing a single drug across cell lines [8], as well as a better measure of cell line selectivity, when compared to IC50 [9].
What is drug sensitivity score?
A selective Drug Sensitivity Score (sDSS) was calculated to identify the selective drug response pattern of each three cancer cell lines. As expected, the results indicate that LNCaP and VCaP cells in general were more sensitive to drugs of different categories than PC-3 cells.
What are the different types of ADRS?
Adverse drug reactions are classified into six types (with mnemonics): dose-related (Augmented), non-dose-related (Bizarre), dose-related and time-related (Chronic), time-related (Delayed), withdrawal (End of use), and failure of therapy (Failure).
What makes a drug effective?
Effectiveness can be defined as 'the extent to which a drug achieves its intended effect in the usual clinical setting'. It can be evaluated through observational studies of real practice. This allows practice to be assessed in qualitative as well as quantitative terms.
What makes a drug potent?
Potency (strength) refers to the amount of drug (usually expressed in milligrams) needed to produce an effect, such as relief of pain or reduction of blood pressure. For instance, if 5 milligrams of drug A relieves pain as effectively as 10 milligrams of drug B, drug A is twice as potent as drug B.
What is the ceiling effect of a drug?
The drug ceiling effect refers to a particular phenomenon in pharmacology where a drug's impact on the body plateaus. At this point, taking higher doses does not increase its effect. It has, in essence, hit a ceiling. This happens with many types of drugs, including aspirin and opioids.