Full Answer
What is thymol in essential oil?
Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) belongs to the phenolic monoterpenes and mostly occurs in thyme species. It is one of the main compounds of thyme essential oil.
When to use thymol for Varroa control?
Thymol – Varroa Control. Thymol is one of the alternative treatments in late Summer, or even in Spring according to the temperatures of the year or area. European beekeepers use thymol for several years, having three different registered treatments.
When is the best time of year to use thymol?
T hymol is one of the alternative treatments in late Summer, or even in Spring according to the temperatures of the year or area. European beekeepers use thymol for several years, having three different registered treatments.
How long does it take for thymol to kill germs?
For the best results, thymol-based products should come into contact with a surface for 10 minutes (including drying time) to eliminate tough germs like E. coli and salmonella, which are far harder to kill than SARS-CoV-2. Why do cleaners/wipes with thymol smell strange/pungent?
Can you mix thymol and alcohol?
A mixture of 4% thymol in alcohol used twice daily until the affected area has grown out is excellent for this condition. Thymol is an antibacterial and antifungal, and alcohol also reduces moisture in skin folds and cuticles.
How do you use thymol for toenail fungus?
InstructionsIt is important to keep the effected area clean and dry. ... Apply a 1-2 drops of Thymol on the effected area. ... Repeat twice a day, or more often if you area washing your hands/feet (ie. ... Keep the applying the treatment until the area has recovered.
Does DMSO cure toenail fungus?
Conclusion. The topical povidone–iodine/DMSO system was very effective in this case at alleviating the signs and symptoms of onychomycosis. This novel combination warrants further investigation in randomized, controlled trials to further elucidate its clinical utility.
Does ketoconazole treat toenail fungus?
Description and Brand Names Ketoconazole is used to treat infections caused by a fungus or yeast. It works by killing the fungus or yeast or preventing its growth. Ketoconazole cream is used to treat: Athlete's foot (tinea pedis; ringworm of the foot);
What is the most effective treatment for toenail fungus?
Oral antifungal drugs. These drugs are often the first choice because they clear the infection more quickly than do topical drugs. Options include terbinafine (Lamisil) and itraconazole (Sporanox). These drugs help a new nail grow free of infection, slowly replacing the infected part.
What is the strongest antifungal essential oil?
Clove Oil (Syzygium Aromaticum) A 2017 study tested a variety of essential oils for anti-fungal activity and concluded that clove oil was the most effective at stopping the growth of a range of fungi, making it our top choice for rashes and other skin infections.
Can you scrape out toenail fungus?
To get rid of the infection, you will need to treat all infected areas. Before giving you the diagnosis, your dermatologist may also take some samples. Collecting a bit of debris from beneath a nail, trimming off part your nail, or scraping off a bit of skin can be very helpful.
How long does it take for iodine to cure toenail fungus?
It's a long process and depends on how far under the nail the fungus resides. A minimum of six months to get clear. — Monika H., Yonkers, N.Y. Monica H.: I have long touted decolorized (also known as colorless or white) iodine to strengthen weak and brittle nails.
Can you file away toenail fungus?
Sometimes it's possible to treat your toenail fungus at home. You can try: Over the counter antifungal creams or ointments. File or cut off any white markings on your nails.
Why is ketoconazole no longer used?
Because of its potential for severe adverse reactions including hepatotoxicity, ketoconazole has been withdrawn in many countries and has strict labeling in the United States recommending that it be used only when other effective antifungal agents are not available or tolerated.
How long does ketoconazole take to work?
Ketoconazole usually works within 2 to 3 weeks for most fungal infections, but it can take 6 weeks for athlete's foot to get better. It works by killing the yeasts (fungi) that cause the infections. The most common side effects of the cream and shampoo are irritated or red skin.
What happens if you use too much ketoconazole?
Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Call your doctor right away if you have a rash; itching; hoarseness; trouble breathing; trouble swallowing; or any swelling of your hands, face, or mouth while you are using this medicine.
How does thymol work?
Like formic acid, thymol acts by its vapors. The bees distribute them in the hive by their activity, like ventilation or removal of the product. In addition, the external temperature is important: the efficacy is highest when the temperature ranges between 15-30°C (59-86°F) and never falls under 12°C (54°F).
What is the best temperature for thymol?
In addition, the external temperature is important: the efficacy is highest when the temperature ranges between 15-30°C (59-86°F) and never falls under 12°C (54°F). The ideal range for thymol treatments is 20-25°C (68-77°F). The most widely used and popular products all over Europe with thymol as a main ingredient are: Apiguard, ApiLifeVar and Thymovar. However, these products are not exactly the same: Apiguard is a gel with thymol, while the other two products are strips saturated with it. ApiLifeVar is a blend of thymol with eucalyptol, menthol and camphor, while Apiguard and Thymovar rely on pure thymol.
How much efficacy does thymovar have?
The bee institute in Liebefeld (Switzerland) compared Thymovar and ApiLifeVar, finding high and similar efficacy for both products (around 90% ).
What products contain thymol?
The most widely used and popular products all over Europe with thymol as a main ingredient are: Apiguard, ApiLifeVar and Thymovar . However, these products are not exactly the same: Apiguard is a gel with thymol, while the other two products are strips saturated with it.
When to use thymol for bees?
T hymol is one of the alternative treatments in late Summer, or even in Spring according to the temperatures of the year or area. European beekeepers use thymol for several years, having three different registered treatments. For having best results by using thymol, some background knowledge is useful. Like formic acid, thymol acts by its vapors.
Does Thymol kill vararroa mites?
It is important to note that thymol does not reach reproducing Varroa mites in the brood and only kill the mites on the adult bees. Therefore, the duration of the treatment and any other indications given on the label are important to get the best results.
Does Apiguard kill Varroa mites?
In the Centre and the South, all three products showed high efficacy, killing more than 90% of the Varroa mites in the colonies. In the North, however, Apiguard was less reliable. The efficacy dropped to 66.9%, which is insufficient for protecting bee colonies until the Winter treatment. The researchers attributed this low efficacy to the lower temperatures and low activity of the bees: under these circumstances, the workers did not “work” on the gel to remove it. By this, the gel surface dried, impeding the evaporation. The other two products did not have this problem.
What is thymol in essential oil?
Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) belongs to the phenolic monoterpenes and mostly occurs in thyme species. It is one of the main compounds of thyme essential oil.
How does thymol interact with proteins?
After incorporation into the cell membrane, thymol interacts with its embedded proteins through various non-specific mechanisms, which lead to changes in the conformation and activity of internal and membrane proteins. Thus, cell membrane tension and destabilization can be induced by the presence of thymol.
What are the components of thyme EO?
vulgarisspecies, differing in the main component of EO, but only “thymol type” with thymol as the main constituent is listed in the European Pharmacopoeia. The main components of thyme EO are the isomeric phenolic monoterpenes thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) and carvacrol (2-methyl-5-(propan-2-yl)phenol). Both these monoterpenes are biosynthesized by the hydroxylation of p-cymene after the aromatization of γ-terpinene to p-cymene. The scheme of the biosynthesis pathway is shown in Figure 1[6]. Thymol is a colorless, crystalline compound with characteristics including strong odor and solubility in alcohol and other organic solvents, but it is only slightly soluble in water [8]. Carvacrol, on the other hand, is a colorless to pale yellow liquid, insoluble in water but highly soluble in ethanol, acetone, and diethyl ether and with a thymol odor [9]. Structures of thymol, carvacrol, and other thyme EO components—p-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool, β-myrcene, terpinen-4-ol—are shown in Figure 2. Thymol after oral administration is rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated approximately within 24 h. It is found in the form of thymol sulfate in plasma, and two phase II conjugates—thymol sulfate and thymol glucuronide—can be found in the urine. The formation of glucuronide was observed only at higher doses. Thymol metabolites are presented in Figure 3. Oral bioavailability referred to as thymol sulfate is approximately 16% and the plasma half-life is approximately 1.5 h [10,11]. The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol were described by Sharifi and co-workers [9].
What is thyme oil used for?
Thymol metabolites. Thyme herb and its volatile oil have long been used for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, symptoms of bronchitis, parasitic infections, pruritus associated with dermatitis, bruises, and sprains.
What is the effect of thymol on apoptosis?
The use of thymol caused an increase in the number of cells in the sub-G1 phase, when the DNA is cleaved, which is a characteristic feature of apoptosis.
Where is thymol found?
It is found in the form of thymol sulfate in plasma, and two phase II conjugates—thymol sulfate and thymol glucuronide—can be found in the urine. The formation of glucuronide was observed only at higher doses. Thymol metabolites are presented in Figure 3.
Is thymol an antiseptic?
Thymol, as the main active ingredient responsible for the activity of thyme EO, has been shown to possess antiseptic , antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antiviral, antioxidant, expectorant, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, sedative, anti-rheumatic, and even anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic action [6,15,16,17,18,19]. The research into substances with new biological and pharmacological activities includes commonly known natural substances, including thymol and thyme EO.
How long does it take for thymol to kill germs?
For the best results, thymol-based products should come into contact with a surface for 10 minutes (including drying time) to eliminate tough germs like E. coli and salmonella, which are far harder to kill than SARS-CoV-2.
What is thymol used for?
Thymol is also used in mouthwashes and other dental products, thanks to its ability to fight tooth decay and infection, prevent gum disease, and fight bad breath. It’s also used in perfumes, disinfectants, and food flavorings. Thymol is regulated by the EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.
What types of products contain thymol?
Thymol was originally registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1964 for use as an animal repellent to keep birds, squirrels, beavers, rats, and other critters away without harming them.
What is thymol essential oil?
What is thymol, and where does it come from? “Thymol is an essential oil, but it possesses antimicrobial activity — it ’s an active essential oil, ” says Clement Choy. “There are other essential oils that have antimicrobial activity but thymol is probably one of the best.”.
What is the best way to treat fungus?
Antifungal. Antifungal agents selectively eliminate fungal pathogens like mold and yeast. Fungi, like bacteria, can become drug-resistant with exposure to antifungal agents. Recent research shows that thymol and thyme oil, used alone or with antifungal drugs, can act against drug-resistant strains of Candida.
When was thymol first used?
Thymol was originally registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1964 for use as an animal repellent to keep birds, squirrels, beavers, rats, and other critters away without harming them. Today, it’s widely used as a pesticide.
How long does it take for disinfectant to kill germs?
Depending on the specific product, a disinfectant needs to be in contact with a surface for anywhere from 4 to 10 minutes in order to kill the touted 99.9 percent of germs.
How long does it take for thymol to degrade?
Studies have shown that hydrocarbon monoterpenes and thymol in particular degrade rapidly (DT 50 16 days in water, 5 days in soil) in the environment and are, thus, low risks because of rapid dissipation and low bound residues, supporting the use of thymol as a pesticide agent that offers a safe alternative to other more persistent chemical pesticides that can be dispersed in runoff and produce subsequent contamination.
What is thymol phenol?
Thymol (also known as 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, IPMP) is a natural monoterpenoid phenol derivative of p -Cymene, C 10 H 14 O, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted from Thymus vulgaris (common thyme), ajwain, and various other plants as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties. Thymol also provides the distinctive, strong flavor of the culinary herb thyme, also produced from T. vulgaris .
What are some natural sources of thymol?
The bee balms Monarda fistulosa and Monarda didyma, North American wildflowers, are natural sources of thymol. The Blackfoot Native Americans recognized these plants' strong antiseptic action and used poultices of the plants for skin infections and minor wounds.
Where does thymol come from?
Regions lacking natural sources of thymol obtain the compound via total synthesis. Thymol is produced from m -cresol and propene in the gas phase:
Does thymol affect hyphal aggregates?
The antifungal nature of thymol against some fungi that are pathogenic to plants is due to its ability to alter the hyphal morphology and cause hyphal aggregates, resulting in reduced hyphal diameters and lyses of the hyphal wall.
Is thymol antibacterial?
Thymol demonstrates in vitro post-antibacterial effect against the test strains E. coli and P. aeruginosa (gram negative), and Staphylococcus aureus and B. cereus (gram positive). This antibacterial activity is caused by inhibiting growth and lactate production, and by decreasing cellular glucose uptake.
Is thymol soluble in water?
Chemistry. Thymol is only slightly soluble in water at neutral pH, but it is extremely soluble in alcohols and other organic solvents. It is also soluble in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions due to deprotonation of the phenol . Thymol has a refractive index of 1.5208 and an experimental dissociation exponent ( p Ka) of 10.59 ± 0.10.
What is the treatment for tymlos?
Tymlos is only part of a complete treatment program that also includes diet changes, exercise, taking vitamin or mineral supplements, and changing certain behaviors. Follow your doctor's instructions very closely.
How long does it take for Tymlos to pass out?
Call your doctor at once if you have: a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out (may occur within 4 hours after injection); bone pain;
What is Tymlos?
Tymlos ( abaloparatide) is a man-made form of parathyroid hormone that exists naturally in the body. Abaloparatide increases bone mineral density and bone strength, which may prevent fractures.
How should I use Tymlos?
Use Tymlos exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets.
What other drugs will affect Tymlos?
Other drugs may interact with abaloparatide, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using.
How many abaloparatide injections are in a pen?
Each prefilled injection pen contains enough abaloparatide for 30 separate injections. Throw the pen away after 30 injections, even if there is still medicine left inside.
How to store an injection pen?
Once you start using the injection pen, store it at room temperature away from moisture and heat. After each use, remove the needle and cover the pen with the outer needle cap. Do not store the pen with a needle attached.
What is thymol used for?
Thymol, and its main natural source, thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.), are employed for their positive antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, local anaesthetic, antinociceptive, cicatrizing, antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties as well as for their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.
What is thymol essential oil?
Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family ( Thymus, Ocimum, Origanum, and Monarda genera), and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Apiaceae families. These essential oils are used in the food industry for their flavouring and preservative properties, in commercial mosquito repellent formulations for their natural repellent effect, in aromatherapy, and in traditional medicine for the treatment of headaches, coughs, and diarrhea. Many different activities of thymol such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, local anaesthetic, antinociceptive, cicatrizing, antiseptic, and especially antibacterial and antifungal properties have been shown. This review aims to critically evaluate the available literature regarding the antibacterial and antifungal effects of thymol.
How does thymol help C. albicans?
Braga, Culici, Alfieri and Dal Sasso (2008) observed that treatment with thymol (after 6 h of incubation) reduced 45.1% of mature biofilms produced by C. albicans. Also Dalleau, Cateau, Bergès, Berjeaud and Imbert (2008) in 2008 demonstrated that thymol (as well as carvacrol and geraniol) was the most effective in reducing (80% of inhibition of biofilm mass) the development of C. albicans biofilms (planktonic and sessile cells). An interesting research conducted by Braga, Dal Sasso, Culici and Spallino (2010), investigated thymol against biofilms produced by Gardnerella vaginalis (ATCC 49145 and two strains isolated from human bacterial vaginosis) and demonstrated that this molecule inhibited native biofilms and mature biofilms at a concentrations ranging from 1 MIC to 1/8 MIC and from 1 MIC to ¼ MIC respectively.
Where is thymol absorbed?
Several studies have revealed that thymol is rapidly absorbed or degraded within the stomach and small intestine ( Anderson et al., 2012, Michiels et al., 2008 ). In a study by Nieddu et al. (2014), a single dose of thymol (0.5 g/kg) has been shown to be rapidly absorbed after oral administration and slowly eliminated within 24 h. The time to reach maximum concentration ( Tmax) was 30 min, while the half-life of the absorption phase ( t1/2) was approximately 0.3 h. The concentrations of thymol recovered in some organs such as the liver, lungs, kidneys, and muscles have been demonstrated to be quite low. However, a higher amount of thymol was detected in the intestines, both on the mucosa and within the contents, indicating that it is not totally absorbed. When complexed with β-cyclodextrin, the in vivo absorption of thymol was observed to increase, while the half-life of thymol remained long ( Nieddu et al., 2014 ). In general, liposomal encapsulation is recommended to increase solubility and stability of natural compounds, which may allow systemic drug administration, and can improve bioavailability. Nevertheless, the solubility of thymol could not be increased by liposomal encapsulation ( Coimbra et al., 2011 ). In another study, a co-drug design of thymol with diacerein, an anthraquinone derivative with a marked disease modifying effect, enhanced lipophilicity and bioavailability ( Dhaneshwar, Patel, Patil, & Meena, 2013 ).
Does thymol interfere with elastase release?
In 2006, Braga et al. (2006) showed that thymol (at a concentration of 10 and 20 μg /ml) interferes with the release of elastase by human neutrophils stimulated with the synthetic chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) in a concentration-dependent manner. The authors reported that, due to its hydrophobic nature, thymol could approach ion channel proteins through the lipid phase of the membrane, where it alters the local environment of calcium channels by inhibiting calcium entry, causing a decrease in the release of elastase.
Does thymol inhibit TGL?
In 1999, thymol was studied for its in vitro antioxidant activity in a lipid system consisting of a purified fraction of triacylglycerols of lard (TGL) and sunflower oil (TGSO) at concentrations of 0.02, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20%. The results, expressed as autoxidation of TGL and TGSO at room temperature, showed that thymol inhibits both TGL and TGSO oxidation showing the highest antioxidant activity against TGSO. In fact, thymol contributes to chain initiation at a higher degree during TGSO oxidation than during TGL oxidation, and its radicals do not participate in chain propagation during TGL and TGSO oxidation ( Yanishlieva, Marinova, Gordon, & Raneva, 1999 ).
Is thymol a monoterpene?
2. Chemistry, bioavailability, and safety assessment of thymol. Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is a monoterpene phenol, also known as “hydroxy cymene”. Thymol is known to have a low water solubility and low palatability due to its unpleasant taste and smell ( Nieddu et al., 2014 ).
