What is pathogenesis?
· INTRODUCTION. Of the multitude of etiologies for knee pain, meniscal degeneration plays a significant role. The meniscus degenerates microscopically and macroscopically with the aging process, resulting in pain and knee dysfunction. This paper reviews the degenerative process of the meniscus as well as diagnostic modalities and …
How do you determine the pathogenesis of a disease?
Symptoms are non-specific and predominantly related to muscular or cardiac dysfunction. Treatment has to be initiated immediately using different therapeutic strategies to increase potassium shift into the intracellular space or to increase elimination, together with …
What is the difference between prognosis and diagnosis?
· Abstract. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to the damages to the liver and its functions due to alcohol overconsumption. It consists of fatty liver/steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, steatohepatitis, chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of alcoholic ...
What is the pathogenesis of a virus infection?
Background: Rhabdomyolysis is a complex medical condition involving the rapid dissolution of damaged or injured skeletal muscle. Methods: This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, causes, presentation, diagnosis, complications, management, and anesthetic considerations related to rhabdomyolysis. Results: Any form of muscle damage--and by …
What is the purpose of testing for pathogens?
In order to properly determine the pathogenesis, testing needs to be done in order to determine the type of pathogen. The two basic types of testing are serotyping, which determines the type of pathogen (is it e-coli or is it salmonella), and genotyping, which determines the exact genome (or DNA) of that pathogen.
What are the different types of pathogens?
There are many different kinds of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, molds, and parasites . The methods of you getting these pathogens can be via contact, food, or air.
How long does it take for a rash to appear?
After about 2-4 days a rash will start to appear, as your body attacks the measles virus in the skin. The rash usually starts at the hair line and works its way down. After 5-6 days the body is typically able to fight off the virus. The rash disappears in the same order that it appeared.
What are the two types of testing?
The two basic types of testing are serotyping, which determines the type of pathogen (is it e-coli or is it salmonella), and genotyping, which determines the exact genome (or DNA) of that pathogen. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account.
How long does it take to get sick from measles?
It doesn't immediately make you sick though, instead it starts to replicate in the inner lining of the respiratory tract. After about 10-12 days, you start to first feel sick. This primary illness is still in the respiratory system (lungs, nose, etc.).
What is the pathogenesis of GBS?
Molecular mimicry of pathogen-borne antigens, leading to generation of crossreactive antibodies that also target gangliosides, is part of the pathogenesis of GBS; the subtype and severity of the syndrome are partly determined by the nature of the antecedent infection and specificity of such antibodies.
Why is it important to predict the clinical course of GBS?
As the clinical course and outcomes of GBS are highly variable, their accurate prediction is important to enable clinicians to tailor supportive care and treatment to the individual patient's needs and to inform patients and relatives about the expected clinical course.
What is the most common cause of GBS?
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a common cause of acute flaccid paralysis, characterized by symmetrical weakness of the limbs, and hyporeflexia or areflexia, which reaches a maximum severity within 4 weeks ( Figure 1 ). 1, 2, 3, 4 Sensory symptoms, such as paraesthesia or numbness, usually start distally and have a symmetrical pattern. The most common subtypes of GBS are acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN). 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 A less common subtype is Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), which is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia. 9, 10 Overall, the clinical course, severity and outcomes of GBS are highly variable.
How rare is GBS?
GBS is a rare disease with an incidence of 0.81–1.89 (median 1.11) per 100,000 person–years, and is more common in men than in women (ratio 3:2). 1, 16 Worldwide, the incidence is variable; for example, a low rate of 0.40 per 100,000 person–years was reported in Brazil, in contrast to a high rate of 2.5 per 100,000 person–years in Curaçao and Bangladesh. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 GBS seems to occur less frequently in children (0.34–1.34 per 100,000 person–years) than in adults, 18 and its incidence increases with age. 16, 18 The background incidence of GBS in most studies remains constant over time, although seasonal fluctuations have occasionally been found in studies from Curaçao, Bangladesh and China. 17, 18, 20, 21
Is GBS a post-infectious disease?
As indicated above, GBS is a postinfectious disorder. Two-thirds of patients report symptoms of a respiratory or gastrointestinal tract infection before the onset of GBS. In about half of patients with GBS, a specific type of preceding infection can be identified, 27 and C. jejuni is responsible for at least one-third of these infections. 3, 24, 27 Other pathogens that cause antecedent infections related to GBS are cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, and influenza A virus. 3, 27, 28 Notably, a case–control study conducted in the Netherlands showed that 5% of patients with GBS had a hepatitis E virus infection before onset of GBS, compared with 0.5% of matched healthy controls. 29 Similarly, 10% of patients with GBS from Bangladesh had an antecedent hepatitis E virus infection, indicating that hepatitis E virus is a worldwide trigger of GBS. 30 However, despite the strong association between specific acute infections and GBS, the overall risk of developing this severe postinfecti ous complication is very small. Only one in 1,000–5,000 patients with Campylobacter enteritis will develop GBS in the subsequent 2 months. 31, 32 This fact explains why GBS is a sporadic disorder, although outbreaks of GBS after C. jejuni infection have occasionally been reported. 33
What are the effects of Campylobacter jejuni on the nerves?
Infections with pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, can trigger humoral immune and autoimmune responses that result in nerve dysfunction and the symptoms of GBS. Lipo-oligosaccharides on the C. jejuni outer membrane may elicit the production of antibodies that crossreact with gangliosides, such as GM1 and GD1a on peripheral nerves. The antigens targeted in AMAN are located at or near the node of Ranvier. The anti-GM1 and anti-GD1a antibodies bind to the nodal axolemma, leading to complement activation followed by MAC formation and disappearance of voltage-gated sodium channels. This damage can lead to detachment of paranodal myelin, and nerve conduction failure. Macrophages then invade from the nodes into the periaxonal space, scavenging the injured axons. The antigens targeted in AIDP are, presumably, located on the myelin sheath. The antibodies can activate complement, which leads to formation of the MAC on the outer surface of Schwann cells, initiation of vesicular degeneration, and invasion of myelin by macrophages. Abbreviations: AIDP, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; AMAN, acute motor axonal neuropathy; APC, antigen-presenting cell; GBS, Guillain–Barré syndrome; MAC, membrane attack complex.
What is GBS characterized by?
GBS is characterized by a rapidly progressive, symmetrical weakness of the limbs in combination with hyporeflexia or areflexia. 2, 4, 73 However, GBS is highly diverse with respect to the presence, distribution and extent of cranial nerve deficits, sensory symptoms, weakness, ataxia, pain, autonomic dysfunction, and the course of the disease.
What is the difference between a diagnosis and a prognosis?
The difference between the two is that while a prognosis is a guess as to the outcome of treatment, a diagnosis is actually identifying the problem and giving it a name , such as depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder .
What are the factors that affect the prognosis of a person?
These factors include: 1 . Age. Gender. Medical and/or family history. How the disease or disorder is presenting. Response to treatment. Particular symptoms and how long they have been present.
Who is Adah Chung?
linkedin. Adah Chung is a fact checker, writer, researcher, and occupational therapist. Learn about our editorial process. Adah Chung. Updated on July 16, 2021. nullplus / Getty Images. The term prognosis refers to making an educated guess about the expected outcome of any kind of health treatment, including mental health, ...
Why is mental health important for teens?
Mental Health in Teens. Because the body and the mind are so intricately connected, mental illness can take a toll on your teen's physical health too and the two can play off each other. 2 That's why it's so important to get your teen help if you think there is a problem. Early intervention gives your teen the best chance of recovery.
How to help a teen with mental illness?
Like the demonstration given on airplanes about putting your own oxygen mask on first so you can then help others, you need to make sure you are taking care of yourself so that you can help your teen to the best of your ability. Consider joining a support group for parents or getting individual therapy for yourself. Make sure you get out to do fun activities on a regular basis. Treat yourself kindly .
Who is Kathyrn Rudlin?
Kathyrn Rudlin, LCSW, a writer and therapist in California specializes in counseling and education for teenagers with mothers who are emotionally disconnected. Learn about our editorial process. Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW. Fact checked by.