How can comparative genomics assist in the treatment of HIV?
How can comparative genomics assist in the treatment of HIV? A) The genome of HIV can now be compared to the human genome to find similarities between the two. B) Knowing the genome of HIV allows for the manufacture of designer drugs to treat specific
Why is it important to know the genome of HIV?
A) The genome of HIV can now be compared to the human genome to find similarities between the two. B) Knowing the genome of HIV allows for the manufacture of designer drugs to treat specific
Why is it important to study the evolution of HIV?
C) Understanding the genetic code of HIV allows scientists to replicate it in the laboratory. D) Understanding the evolution of HIV in an individual will help scientists understand how the virus responds to different drug regimes and will lead to better treatments.
What is the target of the HIV virus?
This receptor is in turn one of the main targets used by most strains of the HIV virus, to enter and infect cells. More than 20 years ago, a naturally occurring mutation was identified in people who had not contracted HIV, despite high-risk exposure to the virus.
What is the use of comparative genomics?
Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which researchers use a variety of tools to compare the complete genome sequences of different species. By carefully comparing characteristics that define various organisms, researchers can pinpoint regions of similarity and difference.
How is comparative genomics used in the medical field?
The most significant application of comparative genomics in molecular medicine is the identification of drug targets of many infectious diseases. For example, comparative analyses of fungal genomes have led to the identification of many putative targets for novel antifungal.
What is comparative genomics quizlet?
STUDY. Comparative genomics. one of the most powerful means to advance the analysis of our or any other genome is the comparison of genome structure and sequence among related species.
Why is the study of proteomics is more complex than the study of genomics quizlet?
Why is the study of proteomics is more complex than the study of genomics? Each cell in an organism has exactly the same DNA but different cell types produce different types of proteins. RNAi sequences are designed to be complementary to the DNA of the gene of interest.
Can comparative genomics help scientists to understand human diseases quizlet?
Can comparative genomics help scientists to understand human diseases? Yes, because scientists often study related genes in model organisms.
What is comparative genomics How does its study contribute to our understanding of genetics quizlet?
Comparative genomics is a relatively new field involved in identifying similarities and differences in organization and gene content among the genomes of different organisms. Such studies are important for studying the genetic relatedness of species and for identifying gene families.
What is the proteome of a cell?
A proteome is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism. The term can also be used to describe the assortment of proteins produced at a specific time in a particular cell or tissue type. The proteome is an expression of an organism's genome.
Is the DNA that is applied to microarrays single stranded or double stranded?
The fluorescently labeled complimentary DNA is loaded onto the microarray, where thousands of single-stranded DNA samples (corresponding to a single gene) are arranged as spots in a grid formation.
Why is the study of proteomics more complex than the study of genomics?
After genomics and transcriptomics, proteomics is considered the next step in the study of biological systems. It is much more complicated than genomics mostly because while an organism's genome is more or less constant, the proteome differs from cell to cell and from time to time.
What does the field of proteomics study?
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological context. We may refer to, for instance, the proteome of a species (for example, Homo sapiens) or an organ (for example, the liver).
What are DNA ligases how do they participate in recombinant DNA technology?
DNA ligase is a DNA-joining enzyme. If two pieces of DNA have matching ends, ligase can link them to form a single, unbroken molecule of DNA. In DNA cloning, restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to insert genes and other pieces of DNA into plasmids.
Abstract
The AIDS era has seen multiple advances in the power of genetics research; scores of host genetic protective factors have been nominated and several have translated to the bedside. We discuss how genomics may inform HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and eradication.
Introduction
Thirty-one years have passed since reports of severely immune-compromised gay men in San Francisco and New York first drew attention to the AIDS epidemic [ 1, 2 ].
Candidate AIDS restriction genes: the case of CCR5-Δ32
Before the first of ten HIV-AIDS genome-wide association studies (GWAS) appeared [ 11 ], single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in numerous candidate genes were suggested as being associated with HIV or AIDS in patients. Several hundred candidate gene SNPs were tested for association with AIDS progression and for HIV transmission.
CCR5 in clinical practice
Individuals homozygous for CCR5-Δ32 seem to be relatively healthy into advanced age, suggesting that CCR5 function is dispensable in the human genome, a notion supported by the redundancy of other human chemokine receptors that also interact with specific chemokine ligands of CCR5 [ 17 ].
AIDS resistance genes beyond CCR5
Each of the genes listed in Table 1 has the potential to have a detailed narrative such as that described for CCR5-Δ32.
Beyond GWAS: new approaches
The PARD3B study was intentionally limited to a single endpoint or phenotype (time of progression as defined by the AIDS 1987 Centers for Disease Control) to avoid statistical penalties for multiple tests.
Conclusions
Thirty years of genomics investigation of AIDS has produced some important findings that have improved understanding of the disease and informed attempts to stem its deadly pace. Many host genes that affect AIDS have been postulated through candidate gene associations, GWAS, HDF analyses, molecular virology and other approaches.
Why a genomic approach?
HIV remains a serious threat to health. Antiretroviral therapies prevent the virus from replicating, but if treatment is interrupted then the virus quickly starts replicating again. Research to find a drug therapy that will provide a cure has met with little success.
HIV and the human genome
The baby girls born in China reportedly had modifications to the CCR5 gene. This gene codes for a receptor found on the surface of white blood cells. This receptor is in turn one of the main targets used by most strains of the HIV virus, to enter and infect cells.
Attacking the viral genome
Genome editing approaches have also been employed to attack directly the latent viral genome within host cells.
What is the role of spike glycoprotein in pathogenesis?
Spike glycoprotein plays a significant role in pathogenesis by binding to the host cell through its RBD [ 58 ]. The S protein initiates the infection by sticking the virion to the host cell. It is composed of 1273 amino acid residues containing three subunits, namely S1, S2, and S2’ which act differently during the process of adherence to the host cell. The S1 subunit is involved in the attachment of virions with the host cell membrane by interacting with human ACE2 that subsequently initiates the infection process [ 17 ]. During this process, S protein undergoes conformational changes induced upon its entry into the endosomes of the host cell [ 24 ]. The understanding of these conformational changes is essential for the process of vaccine development as dynamic changes in the target protein might affect immune responses [ 59 ]. Mutations in the S protein seem to induce conformational changes, which may cause an altered antigenicity. Although several mutations have been found in the S1 receptor binding region of SARS-CoV-2, its interaction with ACE2 is preserved in humans, swine, civet, and bats, except for mouse ACE2 [ [60], [61], [62] ].
What is the Molecular Basis of Pathogenesis?
Molecular basis of pathogenesis. Like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 is also known to infect humans and cause severe respiratory disease. Whereas, other coronaviruses like HKU1, NL63, OC43, and 229E cause mild symptoms [ 16 ]. Virion particles enter the host cell via binding through the ACE2.
What is the innate immune response?
The innate immune response forms the first line of defense against viral infections. However, when the immune response is dysregulated, it will result in excessive inflammation, and even death [ 79 ]. During the CoV infections, the innate immune responses have been involved in driving a cytokine storm and altering the adaptive immune responses [ 80 ]. CoVs are RNA viruses that are recognized by intracellular pattern recognition receptors. This recognition leads to the activation of signalling cascades, culminating in the release of cytokines and chemokines, which directs the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection [ 81 ]. These immune cells, based on their activation status are involved in the clearance of pathogen using various mechanisms.
What is the role of N proteins in RNA?
Nucleocapsid proteins (N) play an important role in the packaging of viral RNA into ribonucleocapsid [ 68 ]. N protein of SARS-CoV-2 is highly conserved across CoVs sharing ~90% sequence identity with that of SARS-CoV. It mediates viral assembly by interacting with the viral genome and M protein, which are helpful in the augmentation of viral RNA transcription and replication [ 69 ]. Thus, N proteins are considered as potential drug targets. The N proteins bind to viral RNA through its ~140 amino acid long RNA-binding domain in their core in a “bead on a string” manner [ 65 ]. MSA profile of N protein from the BAT-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 show highly conserved regions ( Fig. 4 D). Based on the high sequence similarity of N protein, it may be suggested that antibodies against the N protein of SARS-CoV would likely to recognize the N protein of SARS-CoV-2. A similar pattern has been observed for the MERS-CoV strain, where regions of slight sequence variations suggesting its divergence in the evolutionary process.
What is the role of replicase polyproteins in the RNA replication process?
Replicase polyproteins are multifunctional proteins that perform various tasks, contributing to the viral pathogenesis [ 70 ]. However, the principal role of these proteins is to help in the transcription and replication of the viral RNA. Mainly, these proteins are subdivided into various NSPs such as nsp1, nsp2, nsp3, nsp4, and proteases such as PLpro and 3CLpro. The ORF1ab contains a specific RdRp domain playing a pivotal role in the viral RNA transcription and replication.