Which of the following is not a stage of carcinogenesis?
The four stages of oncogenesis or carcinogenesis are: 1) initiation, 2) promotion, 3) progression, and 4) metastasis. Stimulation is not a stage of carcinogenesis.
What should a nurse avoid when giving chemotherapy as cancer treatment?
F. Avoid areas with large crowds or gatherings. When giving chemotherapy as cancer treatment, the nurse recognizes that toxicity to rapidly growing normal cells also occurs. Which rapidly growing normal cells are also harmed by chemotherapy?
Why are repeated cycles of chemotherapy used to destroy nondividing cells?
Repeated cycles of chemotherapy are used to destroy nondividing cells as they begin active cell division. Which of the following statements is correct about the rate of cell growth in relation to chemotherapy? a-Faster growing cells are less susceptible to chemotherapy.
What is the role of the nurse during chemotherapy treatment?
The patient is commonly premedicated with acetaminophen in an attempt to prevent or decrease the intensity of these symptoms, and large amounts of fluids help to decrease symptoms. The nurse counsels the patient receiving radiation therapy or chemotherapy that
What are complications of chemotherapy?
Here are some of the more common side effects caused by chemotherapy:Fatigue.Hair loss.Easy bruising and bleeding.Infection.Anemia (low red blood cell counts)Nausea and vomiting.Appetite changes.Constipation.More items...•
What are the complications of cancer treatment?
Side Effects of Cancer TreatmentAnemia.Appetite Loss.Bleeding and Bruising (Thrombocytopenia)Constipation.Delirium.Diarrhea.Edema (Swelling)Fatigue.More items...
What is the most serious complication of chemotherapy?
Cardiovascular effects can be among the most serious adverse events resulting from chemotherapy, and can occur early or late during the treatment. Cardiotoxicity can be mild, consisting of blood pressure changes, to more severe, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of chemotherapy?
The disadvantages of chemotherapy are the toxic side effects, the development of resistance to the chemical agents, and the need for other forms of treatment, in combination with chemotherapy, in order to cure the patient. These disadvantages are why molecular based treatments are becoming so valuable.
What are three complications of cancer?
Cancer and its treatment can cause several complications, including:Pain. Pain can be caused by cancer or by cancer treatment, though not all cancer is painful. ... Fatigue. ... Difficulty breathing. ... Nausea. ... Diarrhea or constipation. ... Weight loss. ... Chemical changes in your body. ... Brain and nervous system problems.More items...
What happens in chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. Many different chemotherapy drugs are available.
What are the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation?
What Are Common Side Effects of Chemo and Radiation?Fatigue. Tiredness (fatigue) is the most common side effect of both chemotherapy and radiation. ... Pain. ... Mouth, Gum, and Throat Sores. ... Gastrointestinal Problems. ... Skin Changes. ... Weight Changes. ... Hair Loss. ... Kidney and Bladder Problems.More items...
When do side effects of chemo start?
Nausea and vomiting can start within the first few hours after chemotherapy drugs are given and usually last about 24 hours. However, nausea and vomiting may start more than 24 hours after treatment and last several days (called delayed nausea and vomiting).
What is chemotherapy advantages and disadvantages?
The Pros & Cons of Chemo Chemo travels throughout your whole body. This has both positive and negative effects: The positive side: Chemo can reach and kill cancer cells growing in different parts of your body. The downside: Chemo can kill healthy cells, too.
What are the risks and benefits of chemotherapy?
As well as killing cancer cells, chemotherapy can damage some healthy cells in your body, such as blood cells, skin cells and cells in the stomach. This can cause a range of unpleasant side effects, such as: feeling tired most of the time. feeling and being sick.
Which of the following is a concern when using oral chemotherapy agents?
Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) is also a common side effect of some oral chemotherapy agents. Other common side effects of oral chemotherapy include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, and skin rash, so patients must be educated on how to manage these side effects as well.
How to reduce the chance of infection during chemo?
Washing your hands often will lower your chance of getting an infection during chemotherapy. Talk with your doctor about other ways to lower your risk of getting an infection. You should call your doctor right away if you notice any signs of an infection, especially a fever.
What is the name of the decrease in white blood cells?
Neutropenia. Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, which are the body’s main defense against infection. Neutropenia is common after receiving chemotherapy. You will be checked for a low white blood cell count during treatment.
Can cancer cause blood clots?
Cancer Pain. Blood Clots (Deep Vein Thrombosis) Other Side Effects. Cancer treatments may have many side effects. A side effect occurs when treatment damages healthy cells. Side effects can be different for each person, and for different medicines and kinds of treatment. If you think you’re experiencing any side effects, talk to your medical team.
Can cancer cause tiredness?
Cancer treatments can cause many other side effects, including tiredness, trouble eating, and depression. The National Cancer Institute#N#external icon#N#and the American Cancer Society#N#external icon#N#describe many of these problems and offer tips for preventing or coping with them.
Can cancer make you sick?
Cancer treatments can make you feel sick to your stomach, and to vomit. Sometimes, cancer patients feel sick just from thinking about cancer treatment. Fortunately, medicines can help control nausea and make you feel better. Tell your doctor when you feel sick, so he or she can find the medicine that works best for you.
Does a cooling cap help with chemotherapy?
may help you keep more of your hair . A cooling cap fits tightly on your head and keeps your scalp cold before, during, and after your chemotherapy treatment. Studies have found that how well a cooling cap works depends on the kind of chemotherapy you receive.
Can cancer drugs make you forget things?
The drugs used to treat cancer can cause some people to have trouble concentrating or remembering things. This is often called “chemo brain,”#N#external icon#N#and it can make it hard for cancer patients to do their jobs or everyday tasks.
How long after chemotherapy should I take antiemetics?
To calculate the optimum time for administration, the first dose is given 30 minutes to 1 hour before nausea is expected, and then every 2, 4, or 6 hours for approximately 24 hours after chemotherapy.
What are the stages of oncogenesis?
The four stages of oncogenesis or carcinogenesis are: 1) initiation, 2) promotion, 3) progression, and 4) metastasis. Stimulation is not a stage of carcinogenesis. The nurse realizes that for a cell to become cancer, it needs to progress through four stages.
What is the difference between lobectomy and pneumonectomy?
A wedge resection refers to removal of a wedge-shaped section of lung tissue. A lobectomy is the removal of one lobe . Removal of one or more segments of a lung lobe is called a partial lobectomy. A pneumonectomy is a surgical procedure sometimes indicated for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.
What are the symptoms of lung cancer?
Warning signs and symptoms of lung cancer include persistent cough, bloody sputum, dyspnea, and which of the other following symptoms? a-Dizziness. b-Generalized weakness.
Why is it important to decrease the prostate antigen level?
A decrease in the prostate-specific antigen level once treatment has begun for prostate cancer would indicate that the client is responding to treatment.
Is squamous cell carcinoma the same as oat cell carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma is a slow-growing, rarely metastasizing type of cancer. Adenocarcinoma is the next best lung cancer to have in terms of prognosis. Oat cell and small cell carcinoma are the same.
Does leukemia cause bone deformities?
Bone deformities don't occur with leukemia although bones may become painful because of the proliferation of cells in the bone marrow. Spherocytosis refers to erythrocytes taking on a spheroid shape and isn't a feature in leukemia. Mature cells aren't produced in adequate numbers.
What are the side effects of cancer treatment?
Talk with your doctor about any new symptoms or side effects that you experience. Fatigue. Fatigue is a constant feeling of physical, emotional, or mental tiredness. It is the most common side effect of cancer treatment. Some cancer survivors have fatigue for months or even years after finishing treatment.
How long after cancer treatment do side effects occur?
Many people who have had cancer treatment have a risk of developing long-term side effects. These side effects can happen months or years after treatment. Evaluating and treating late effects is an important part of cancer survivorship care.
How does radiation affect food?
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery may affect how a person digests food. Surgery or radiation therapy to the abdominal area can cause tissue scarring, long-term pain, and intestinal problems. Some survivors may have chronic diarrhea that reduces the body’s ability to absorb nutrients.
What are the problems with the endocrine system?
This system includes the glands and other organs that make hormones and make eggs or sperm. Cancer survivors at risk for hormone changes from treatment need regular blood tests to measure hormone levels. Menopause.
What are the side effects of radiation?
Increased risk of stroke from high doses of radiation to the brain. Nervous system side effects, including damage to the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, called peripheral neuropathy. Cancer survivors should have regular physical examinations and hearing tests after treatment to check for these effects.
What medicine did you receive for Hodgkin lymphoma?
Are 65 and older. Received higher doses of chemotherapy. Received certain medicines, such as trastuzumab (Herceptin, Ogivri) and doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Doxil) Below is a list of common heart conditions.
Can cancer patients have dental problems?
Cancer survivors may have dental and oral health and vision problems, depending on the treatments they received: Chemotherapy may affect tooth enamel and increase the risk of long-term dental problems. High doses of radiation therapy to the head and neck area may change tooth development.
When a patient is admitted because of a primary neoplasm with metastasis and treatment is
When a patient is admitted because of a primary neoplasm with metastasis and treatment is directed toward the secondary site only , the secondary neoplasm is designated as the principal diagnosis even though the primary malignancy is still present .
When a pregnant woman has a malignant neoplasm, should a code from subcatego
When a pregnant woman has a malignant neoplasm, a code from subcategory O9A.1 -, malignant neoplasm complicating pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium, should be sequenced first, followed by the appropriate code from Chapter 2 to indicate the type of neoplasm. Encounter for complication associated with a neoplasm.
What is the Z85 code for a primary malignancy?
When a primary malignancy has been previously excised or eradicated from its site and there is no further treatment directed to that site and there is no evidence of any existing primary malignancy at that site, a code from category Z85, Personal history of malignant neoplasm, should be used to indicate the former site of the malignancy. Any mention of extension, invasion, or metastasis to another site is coded as a secondary malignant neoplasm to that site. The secondary site may be the principal or first-listed with the Z85 code used as a secondary code.
What is the code for a primary malignant neoplasm?
A primary malignant neoplasm that overlaps two or more contiguous (next to each other) sites should be classified to the subcategory/code .8 ('overlapping lesion '), unless the combination is specifically indexed elsewhere. For multiple neoplasms of the same site that are not contiguous such as tumors in different quadrants of the same breast, codes for each site should be assigned.
What is Chapter 2 of the ICD-10-CM?
Chapter 2 of the ICD-10-CM contains the codes for most benign and all malignant neoplasms. Certain benign neoplasms , such as prostatic adenomas, may be found in the specific body system chapters. To properly code a neoplasm, it is necessary to determine from the record if the neoplasm is benign, in-situ, malignant, or of uncertain histologic behavior. If malignant, any secondary ( metastatic) sites should also be determined.
What is the code for leukemia?
There are also codes Z85.6, Personal history of leukemia, and Z85.79, Personal history of other malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic and related tissues. If the documentation is unclear as to whether the leukemia has achieved remission, the provider should be queried.
What is the code for pathological fracture due to a neoplasm?
When an encounter is for a pathological fracture due to a neoplasm, and the focus of treatment is the fracture, a code from subcategory M84.5, Pathological fracture in neoplastic disease, should be sequenced first, followed by the code for the neoplasm.
What is the pharmacologic use of medications to treat cancer after it develops?
Chemotherapy is the pharmacologic use of medications to treat cancer after it develops. Patients may use CAM therapies as additional means of preventing or treating cancer. Immunotherapy stimulates the body's immune system to suppress the growth of cancer cells. Click again to see term 👆.
What is the protein that promotes the breakdown of both protein and fat stores to provide adequate energy for tumor cells?
Glucagon. ANS: C. Tumor necrosis factor, is a cytokine protein that promotes breakdown of both protein and fat stores to provide adequate energy for tumor cells. At the same time, an insulin resistance occurs because of the excessive fatty acid oxidation.
What is the pharmacologic use of nutrients to treat cancer?
ANS: A. Cancer chemoprevention involves the pharmacologic use of nutrients, such as beta-carotene, selenium, and vitamin E, to suppress or reverse carcinogenesis. Chemotherapy is the pharmacologic use of medications to treat cancer after it develops.
What is chemoprevention?
Chemoprevention is the#N#a. pharmacologic use of nutrients to suppress or reverse carcinogenesis.#N #b. pharmacologic use of medications to treat cancer.#N#c. use of CAM therapy to prevent or treat cancer.#N#d. reduction of carcinogenic growth factors in the blood.
What is cachexia in cancer?
Cancer cachexia is a secondary diagnosis in patients with advanced cancer that is similar to protein-energy malnutrition. The patient exhibits progressive weight loss, anorexia, wasting, immunosuppression, altered basal metabolism, and electrolyte and fluid abnormalities.
Why is parenteral nutrition avoided?
In these instances, parenteral nutrition is usually avoided because of high cost and ineffectiveness. If palliative care is implemented, nutrition would be provided as tolerated and desired.
Which cancers are associated with increased body weight?
Esophagus, endometrium, gallbladder, and kidney. The most common site-specific cancers that have been positively associated with increased body weight and BMI include the esophagus, endometrium, kidney, and gallbladder. Obesity is associated with increased death rates in 11 types of cancer in men and 12 types in women.
What is the role of a nurse in a patient who is about to receive cyclophospham
While teaching a patient who is about to receive cyclophosphamide (Cytoxin) chemotherapy, the nurse will instruct the patient to watch for potential adverse effects, such as: b. Hemorrhagic cystitis. The nurse is monitoring a patient who has received a second course of chemotherapy.
What is palliative therapy for breast cancer?
A female patient is receiving palliative therapy with androgen hormones as part of treatment for inoperable breast cancer. The nurse will discuss with the patient which potential body image changes that may occur as adverse effects? Hirsutism and acne.
What is methotrexate ordered for?
Methotrexate is ordered for a patient with a malignant tumor , and the nurse is providing education about self-care after the chemotherapy is given. Which statements by the nurse are appropriate for the patient receiving methotrexate?
Can aspirin cause methotrexate?
Aspirin can lead to methotrexate toxicity. The nurse is teaching about infection-prevention measures with a patient who is receiving antineoplastic drug therapy. During a Teach-Back session, which statement by the patient indicates the need for further education? "I will eat only fresh fruits and raw vegetables.".
Why does chemotherapy weaken the immune system?
Infection and a weakened immune system. Cancer and the treatment of it can weaken the immune system. Because chemotherapy kills healthy immune cells, it can make a person more vulnerable to infection. And because the immune system is weakened, any infections may last longer than usual.
What are the side effects of chemo?
Its side effects depend on the type of chemo drug involved, but infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and hair loss are some of the more common ones. Other common side effects of chemotherapy include: nausea and vomiting. fatigue. neuropathy, or pain caused by nerve damage. constipation.
Can chemo cause rashes?
Chemotherapy can alter the immune system in ways that cause rashes and other skin changes. The drugs can also trigger skin changes directly. Severe rashes can cause painful, intense itching. If a person scratches until their skin bleeds, there is a risk of infection.
Is chemotherapy good for cancer?
Chemotherapy can be an effective treatment for cancer, but it can also have adverse effects. Before starting the treatment, speak with the doctor about which side effects are most likely, how long they might last, and how severe they might be. If side effects occur, the cancer care team may be able to help manage them.
Can chemotherapy cause a bruise?
Chemotherapy can cause a person to bruise or bleed more easily. Many people having chemotherapy experience this side effect. Bleeding more heavily than usual can be dangerous. It is a good idea to take precautions, such as wearing gloves when gardening or cutting food.
Does chemotherapy kill cancer cells?
Chemotherapy kills regular cells , as well as cancer cells, and this is why side effects occur. Many people experience these adverse effects, but some people have few or none. Below, we explore 10 of the more common side effects of chemotherapy. 1.
Does chemotherapy cause hair to fall out?
Chemotherapy can damage hair follicles, causing the hair to weaken, become brittle, and fall out. Any hair that regrows may be of a different texture or color. This usually continues until the treatment ends, after which hair almost always regrows.
