What is a cluster state?
May 13, 2019 · Contact List. State and local health departments provide the first level of response to a suspected cancer cluster. These agencies, along with the state cancer registry, collect and analyze local-level data and calculate expected and actual cancer rates. If you suspect a cancer cluster in your community or workplace, or if you’d like ...
Is it possible to detect entanglement close to cluster states?
May 13, 2019 · A cancer cluster is defined as a greater-than-expected number of cancer cases that occurs within a group of people in a geographic area over a period of time. Check out About Cancer Clusters to learn more.. Local or state health departments, along with cancer registries, respond to cancer cluster questions and have the most current local data.
What is the role of transitional therapy in the treatment of cluster attacks?
Concerned individuals should contact their local or state health department to report a suspected cancer cluster or to find out if one is being investigated . Health departments provide the first response to questions about cancer clusters because they, together with state cancer registries, will have the most up-to-date data on cancer ...
Is there a cancer cluster in your community?
Cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating primary headache disorder. Although uncommon, affecting only 0.1% of population, it is one of the most painful conditions known to humankind. Three strategies are employed for effective treatment of CH, namely, abortive therapy, transitional therapy, and preventive therapy.
When should you cluster your standard errors?
Should you cluster standard errors when estimating ate at which level?
What is two way clustering?
How many clusters is too few?
Does clustering increase standard errors?
Do you need to cluster standard errors with fixed effects?
What is Reghdfe?
What is cluster robust standard errors?
What does cluster mean in Stata?
Can clustered standard errors be smaller?
What is cluster bootstrap?
How many clusters is enough?
Where to report cancer clusters?
People concerned about a possible cancer cluster can report it to a local or state health department. Procedures vary by state, but most health departments will first ask for information, such as: The type (s) and number of cancers involved. Any suspected exposure (s) that might cause cancer.
What is a cancer cluster?
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) define a cancer cluster as a greater-than-expected number of cancer cases that occurs within a group of people in a defined geographic area over a specific period of time.
What does it mean when a cancer cluster is significant?
Even if the excess number of cases reported in a cancer cluster looks significant based on statistics, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the cancers are caused by something unique to that area. Some clustering of cancer cases happens by chance, but people tend to notice and report situations where rates seem to be above average.
What happens when a cancer cluster is reported?
When a cancer cluster is reported, the health department will first review the initial information provided. Based on this, most suspected clusters can be determined not to be true clusters, and no further investigation is needed.
Why are cancer clusters more likely to occur in the workplace?
Workplace exposures may be more likely to cause cancer because the level of exposure can be higher and might last longer than in other settings . Workplace exposures can also be easier to identify because the group of exposed people is better defined and easier to trace as compared to groups in the community. This is why the links between cancer and many cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) are often first found in studies of workers. Of course, it’s also possible for cancer clusters to occur in communities as well.
Why do scientists study cancer clusters?
Studying cancer clusters allows scientists to identify areas of increased cancer risk, as well as to try to figure out what is causing the increase in risk. For example, studying clusters of malignant mesothelioma led to the discovery of the link between asbestos exposure and this rare cancer.
How many types of cancer are there?
Cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases. Each type of cancer has its own risk factors and causes. True cancer clusters rarely involve more than one type of cancer. For it to be considered a true cluster, it usually must have one of the following characteristics:
What are the federal agencies that evaluate cancer clusters?
Although potential cancer clusters are evaluated primarily by state and local health departments, states may request technical advice or assistance from several federal agencies: the CDC; the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), which is part of CDC; and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Why do cancers cluster?
Because cancer is a relatively common disease, cases of cancer can appear to cluster even when there is no connection among them. That is, clusters of cancer can arise by chance. Some cancer clusters have been shown through careful investigation to be the result of a specific cancer-causing substance in the environment.
What is ATSDR in the US?
CDC's ATSDR conducts public health assessments of potentially hazardous waste sites, performs health consultations on specific hazardous substances, designs and conducts health surveillance programs, and provides education and training about hazardous substances. Information about public health assessments conducted by ATSDR can be found on its Public Health Assessments and Health Consultations page. Reports can be searched by state or U.S. territory. Contact information for ATSDR regional offices is available online.
What to do if you have a cluster of cancer?
Concerned individuals should contact their local or state health department to report a suspected cancer cluster or to find out if one is being investigated ( 2 ). Health departments provide the first response to questions about cancer clusters because they, together with state cancer registries, will have the most up-to-date data on cancer incidence in the area. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website provides links to state and local health departments. These agencies may also be listed in the blue pages of government listings in telephone books.
What is the NCI Cancer Atlas?
For example, the NCI Cancer Atlas is a tool that allows users to create maps of cancer statistics, demographics, and risk factors. The joint NCI-CDC State Cancer Profiles website provides interactive maps to give dynamic views of cancer statistics by states and counties.
What is the treatment for CH?
Treatment for CH is involved three different strategies. The first is abortive, which refers to the treatment of an individual attack. Transitional treatment refers to the treatment given at the onset of a cluster period with the intention of decreasing the frequency of attacks.
What is cluster headache?
Cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating primary headache disorder. Although uncommon, affecting only 0.1% of population, it is one of the most painful conditions known to humankind. Three strategies are employed for effective treatment of CH, namely, abortive therapy, transitional therapy, and preventive therapy.
What is CH treatment?
CH is a debilitating headache disorder that relies on prompt diagnosis and treatment to reduce disability. There are multiple treatments options available for abortive, transitional, and preventive treatments which are summarized in Table 1. All patients with CH should have a proper abortive treatment strategy. Many patients require preventive therapy; particularly those with chronic CH. Patient with both episodic and chronic CH may require transitional therapy. Many patients will require abortive, transitional, and preventive treatment, sometimes simultaneously. Refractory patients may sometimes be treated with therapies that are still emerging or have been insufficiently studied. Well-established first-line therapies should always be used first before escalating therapy.
What is preventive treatment?
Preventive treatment refers to the recurrent use of a treatment strategy designed to reduce the frequency and/or suppress the attacks during the duration of the patient's typical cluster period with the goal of reducing the frequency and severity of cluster attacks. Most treatments that are available for the preventive treatment of CH are oral medications. Despite routine clinical use of many of these treatments, the evidence for their use is modest. Invasive or surgical approaches exist, but these should be a measure reserved for only the most refractory patients.
When is transitional treatment used?
Transitional treatment (or transitional prophylaxis) is employed at the onset of a cluster period to provide rapid cessation or reduction in attack frequency during a short period of time until a long-duration prophylactic agent has its onset of effect. Therefore, transitional and maintenance prophylaxis is often started simultaneously.
Where is the Centre for Headache?
Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA
What should health agencies know about clusters?
Health agencies should understand the potential legal ramifications of reported clusters, how risks are perceived by the community, and the influence of the media on that perception. Organizationally, each agency should have an internal management system to assure prompt attention to reports of clusters.
How are clusters of health events identified?
Clusters of health events may be identified by an ongoing surveillance system , but more often they are reported by concerned citizens or groups. Although health agencies must respond to these reports, little guidance has been available to them.
What are noninfectious health events?
These guidelines focus on noninfectious health events such as chronic diseases, injuries, and birth defects. Numerous related issues--such as the epidemiologic workup of infectious disease outbreaks, the assessment of the health effects of environmental exposures, the prospective detection of clusters, and the investigation of interpersonal networks--are not addressed.
What are clusters of health events?
Clusters of health events, such as chronic diseases, injuries, and birth defects, are often reported to health agencies. In many instances, the health agency will not be able to demonstrate an excess of the condition in question or establish an etiologic linkage to an exposure. Nevertheless, a systematic, integrated approach is needed ...
What are the stages of a systematic approach?
The recommended approach is a four-stage process: initial response, assessment, major feasibility study, and etiologic investigation.
What is clustering in health?
Definition, Background, and Characteristics of Clusters As used in these guidelines, the term "cluster" is an unusual aggregation, real or perceived, of health events that are grouped together in time and space and that are reported to a health agency.
How to request a copy of CDC document?
To request a copy of this document or for questions concerning this document, please contact the person or office listed below. If requesting a document, please specify the complete name of the document as well as the address to which you would like it mailed. Note that if a name is listed with the address below, you may wish to contact this person via CDC WONDER/PC e-mail.
Why are statistics for counties or sub-groups with few cases or deaths suppressed?
Statistics for counties or sub-groups with few cases or deaths are suppressed to ensure confidentiality and stability of rate estimates.
What is state cancer profile?
State Cancer Profiles provides cancer statistics primarily for prioritizing cancer control efforts. The focus is on cancer sites for which there are known, preventable risk factors (e.g., smoking and lung cancer) or screening tests for early detection and effective treatment options (e.g., mammography screening for breast cancer).
What is the federal program for cancer?
Federal programs include the NCI's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)from the 1971 National Cancer Act and CDC's National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR)from the 1992 Cancer Registries A mendment Act that was reauthorized in 1998.
What is the BRFSS report?
BRFSS Survey Data is the source for this data, which is collected by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with state and territory health departments.
When did SEER start?
The SEER program began collecting incidence data in 1973 from seven registries, then Atlanta and Seattle were added in 1974 and 1975, respectively. The most comprehensive incidence data for the SEER 9 registries is available for the years 1975+. See About SEER for more information. To be consistent with the SEER incidence data, we do not show any other data prior to 1975. We provide a 1975+ range for the Historical Trends graph, which is updated with each data release. Researchers interested in longer periods of time are encouraged to use public use files.
Where is SEER 9?
The SEER 9 cancer registries consist of Atlanta, Connecticut, Detroit, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, San Francisco-Oakland, Seattle-Puget Sound, and Utah. Data are available for cases diagnosed starting in 1973 for these registries with the exception of Seattle-Puget Sound and Atlanta. The Seattle-Puget Sound and Atlanta registries joined the SEER program in 1974 and 1975, respectively. For more information, visit the SEER Web site.
Why is the time period used in the calculation of the joinpoint regression model different for selected racial groups or
Due to data availability issues , the time period used in the calculation of the joinpoint regression model may differ for selected racial groups or counties. For a complete list of these, see Joinpoint Trends - Differences.
What Is A Cancer Cluster?
- Possible cancer clusters tend to get a lot of attention in the news and other forms of media. About 1,000 suspected cancer clusters are reported to state health departments each year. But just what is a cancer cluster? People may become concerned that there’s a cancer cluster in their community if they believe there is a higher than normal number of cancers in the area. Often the…
Some Important Points to Consider
- When considering if a cancer cluster might exist, it’s important to keep in mind that cancer is common. Well over a million new cancers are diagnosed every year in the United States alone, and nearly 4 out of 10 people in the United States will develop cancer during their lifetimes. So, it’s not uncommon for several people in a relatively small area to develop cancer around the same time…
How Are Cancer Clusters Reported?
- People concerned about a possible cancer cluster can report it to a local or state health department. Procedures vary by state, but most health departments will first ask for information, such as: 1. The type(s) and number of cancers involved 2. Any suspected exposure(s) that might cause cancer 3. The area and time period in which the cases occurre...
How Are Cancer Clusters Investigated?
- When a cancer cluster is reported, the health department will first review the initial information provided. Based on this, most suspected clusters can be determined notto be true clusters, and no further investigation is needed. According to guidelines from the CDC, some factors that do not support the need for further investigation include: 1. Cancer cases within family members who a…
What Are The Possible Outcomes of A Cluster Investigation?
- There are 3 main possible outcomes from a cancer cluster investigation: 1. In most cases, an investigation will show that the suspected cluster is not a true cancer cluster. 2. Less often, an investigation finds a true cancer cluster, but no cause can be found. 3. Rarely, an investigation finds a cancer cluster where the cause can be determined. To help illustrate this point, in a scien…
What Should I Do If I Suspect A Cancer Cluster?
- Concerns about cancer clusters most often come up in schools, workplaces, and in certain areas of a community. If you are concerned about a possible cancer cluster, contact your local or state health department. If you don’t know who to call in your area, the CDC has a list of web links to local and state contacts at .cdc.gov/nceh/clusters/statelocal.htm.(Also see the Additional resou…
Additional Resources
- Along with the American Cancer Society, other sources of information and support include: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Toll-free number: 1-800-232-4636 Home page: www.cdc.gov Cancer cluster information: www.cdc.gov/nceh/clusters/default.htm Links to state and local health departments: www.cdc.gov/nceh/clusters/statelocal.htm National Cancer …