What is the best book for thermal processing of food?
M.J. & Heppell, N.J. (2000) Continuous Thermal Processing of Foods: Pasteurization and UHT Sterilization. Aspen Publishers, Gaithers- burg, MD. Tetra Pak (2015) Dairy Processing Handbook.
What temperature should food be reheated to before hot holding?
*Fully cooked food from a commercial food processing plant must be initially reheated to a temperature of at least 135°F before hot holding.
What is heat treatment in microbiology?
Any intentional heating above 50 ° C for a sufficient time such that there is a reduction in the concentration of one or more microorganisms is considered heat treatment. Thus, the heat treatment concept covers an infinite number of combinations of time and temperature.
Why is it important to cook food to the correct temperature?
After safely preparing food, you must cook it to the correct minimum internal temperature to safeguard against food-borne illness. Temperatures vary from item to item; always use a probe thermometer to verify final cooking temperatures.
What is the difference between brown raisins and golden raisins quizlet?
They just taste better. They're fruitier. And while regular brown raisins can be dry and grainy—not to mention overly sweet—golden raisins have more nuanced flavor and are plump and soft.
Why is it better for tougher cuts of meat to be cooked slowly at low temperatures quizlet?
Why is it better for tougher cuts of meat to be cooked slowly at low temperatures? Shrinking of muscle fibers is lessened at lower temperatures.
How long does it typically take to sundry grapes to make California Raisins?
Do not put your grapes in the oven before it's preheated, as this will affect their quality. This temperature will allow you to bake grapes into raisins in around 4 hours.
Why would one sometimes see rice salt shakers?
Why would one sometimes see rice salt shakers? Rice helps salt flow freely by binding excessive moisture. Which of the following is a source of microbial contamination of foods?
How does marbling make meat more tender?
What does it do to the beef? The presence of marbling has an extremely positive effect on the eating quality of beef, in terms of tenderness, juiciness/moisture and flavour. The fat makes the meat softer and easier to chew, as there is simply less muscle fibre and collagen per unit volume of meat.
Which of the following foods are commonly made with freeze drying?
Freeze-drying is commonly used for coffee, fruit, juice, vegetables, herbs, food flavorings, fish, seafood, eggs, and dairy.
How long does it take to turn a grape into a raisin?
about 2-4 daysGrapes can be dried to form raisins. It is easy to do and depending upon the season, typically takes about 2-4 days, but some commercial producers will sun dry fresh grapes for 2 to 4 weeks, before packaging.
How long does it take to grow a raisin?
Intense heat and sun may produce raisins in as little as a week, but it generally takes between two and four weeks.
How long does it take to make raisins in the sun?
Keep rotating the fruit for even exposure to the sun. It takes around 1 to 2 days depending on the strength of the sun rays. Once the grapes have dried to the point of becoming raisins, take the tray inside and place the raisins in an airtight container. Store the container in a cool place or refrigerate.
Does rice keep salt dry?
Add raw rice grainsWhen storing it in a shaker, add a few grains of uncooked rice to avoid salt from clumping. The rice grains are known to absorb the moisture and keep the salt dry. This is considered to be one of the most effective tricks that can even help in reviving damp salt.
What do the terms soft ball firm ball hard ball and soft crack refer to?
What do the terms soft ball, firm ball, hard ball and soft crack refer to? The mouthfeel of the candy.
What does putting rice in salt do?
As Taste of Home explains, it's all because salt is "hydrogenous" and absorbs water from the air fast. Enter rice and its special qualities, which allow it to prevent the salt from getting a chance to absorb any moisture, keeping it loose for sprinkling.
What is the purpose of thermal treatment?
Its main purpose is to destroy microorganisms, both pathogenic and spoilage, to ensure the milk is safe and has a reasonable shelf-life. Despite the developments of alternative technologies such as high-pressure processing and pulsed electric field technology for destroying microorganisms, thermal treatment remains the method of choice for most bactericidal treatments in the dairy industry, and in the processing of other foods. This choice is largely attributed to the tremendous success of heating processes since the introduction of pasteurisation of milk in the 1890s following Pasteur’s earlier discovery that heat treatment of wine and beer could prevent spoilage. In addition, and most importantly, export certificates requested for milk products often refer to the OIE Animal Health Code, which does not leave room for alternatives to thermal treatment.
When did pasteurization of milk start?
This choice is largely attributed to the tremendous success of heating processes since the introduction of pasteurisation of milk in the 1890s following
What chapter is heat treatment?
Start studying Chapter 3 heat treatment. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
How hot does steel get?
1) The steel gets heated up to about 550 to 700 degree Celsius for an hour.
What is the meaning of "heating" and "soaking"?
Heating , holding at temperature ( soaking ) and cooling
Can cold work be done on mild steel?
It should be carried out only on cold worked mild steel if further cold working is required on the steel
What are the different types of heat treating?
The various types of heat-treating processes are somewhat similar because they all involve the heating and cooling ; they differ in the heating temperatures and the cooling rates used and the final results. The usual methods of heat-treating ferrous metals (metals with iron) are annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Most nonferrous metals can be annealed, but never tempered, normalized, or case-hardened.
What is the purpose of heat treatment?
The purpose of heat treatment is to make a metal more useful by changing or restoring its mechanical properties.
How to cool metals?
To cool the metal, it can be placed in direct contact with a COOLING MEDIUM, either gas or liquid, or solid or any combination of these . The cooling rate depends on metal and the end properties. The rate of cooling depends on cooling medium as well; therefore, the choice of a cooling medium has an important influence on end properties.Quenching is the procedure used for cooling metal rapidly in oil, water, brine or other medium. Because most metals are cooled rapidly during the hardening process, quenching is usually associated with hardening;however, quenching does not always result in increased hardness; for example to anneal copper, it is usually quenched in water. Other metals such as air-hardened steels are cooled at a relatively slow rate for hardening.Some metals crack or warp easily during quenching while others suffer no effects; therefore, the quenching medium must be chosen to fit metal. Brine or water is used for metals that require a rapid cooling rate, and oil mixtures are more suitable for metals that need a slower rate of cooling. Generally, carbon steels are water-hardened and alloy steels are oil-hardened. Non-ferrous metals are normally quenched in water.
What is the process of holding a metal at a certain temperature?
This process is called SOAKING. The length of time held at the proper temperature is called the SOAKING PERIOD, which depends on chemical analysis of the metal and the mass of the part.
How to achieve uniform temperature?
Uniform temperatures are attained by slow heating. The heating rate of a part depends on several factors. One important factor is the heat conductivity of the metal. A metal with a high-heat conductivity heats at a faster rate than one with a low conductivity. Also, the condition of the metal determines the rate at which it may be heated.
What is it called when metal is heated to a final temperature?
This process is called PREHEATING . Following pre-heat, metal is quickly heated to final target temperature. When apart has an intricate design, it may have to be preheated at more than one temperature to prevent cracking and excessive warping.
What does heat treat do to metal?
By heat treating, a metal can be made harder, stronger, and more resistant to impact .Also, heat treating can make a metal softer and more ductile. Some properties are improved at the expense of others; for example, hardening a metal may make it brittle and difficult to machine.
How long to hold carbon steel?
Plain carbon and low-alloy steel with easily dissolved carbides only require a few minutes holding time after reaching the austenitizing temperature, and a holding time of 5 to 15 minutes is usually sufficient. For medium-alloy structural steels a holding time of 15 to 20 minutes is suggested.
Is room temperature a constant?
The variables are the mass, metal type and target temperature. Room temperature is a constant.
What chapter is Therapeutic Heat?
Start studying Chapter 3: Therapeutic Heat. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
What temperature should tissue be heated to?
Heating to achieve tissue temperature of 45 degrees celsius combined with long duration stretching with low external load
Why is it important to be cold?
Cold, because the vascular response to cold limits how quickly relatively warm blood can enter the treatment area
Does paraffin conduct heat?
Paraffin conducts heat to tissues slower than water of the same temperature