Quinine has a few different medicinal properties such as anti-fever, anti-arrhythmic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. But one needs to be careful when it comes to usage of the quinine. It is very important to follow instructions from a medical professional or doctor.
What is quinine used to treat?
Quinine is used to treat uncomplicated malaria, a disease caused by parasites. Parasites that cause malaria typically enter the body through the bite of a mosquito. Malaria is common in areas such as Africa, South America, and Southern Asia.
Is quinine in tonic water good for You?
It can also be found in smaller amounts in regular tonic water. In nowadays, quinine treats arthritis and lupus. Quinine is an effective relaxant of muscles and can be mixed with medicine for a cramps treatment of muscle injuries. It has properties to reduce the symptoms of arthritis.
What is quinine in drinks?
Quinine is a flavor component of tonic water and bitter lemon drink mixers. On the soda gun behind many bars, tonic water is designated by the letter "Q" representing quinine.
What happens when quinine treatment is terminated?
When quinine treatment is terminated, however, many recovered patients experience another attack of malaria several weeks later. This recurrence stems from the failure of quinine to kill the malarial parasites in cells of the body other than the red blood cells.
What are the chemical properties of quinine?
Quinine is a cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy. It has a role as an antimalarial, a muscle relaxant and a non-narcotic analgesic. It is a conjugate base of a quinine(1+). It derives from a hydride of an (8S)-cinchonan.
What are the healing properties of quinine?
Use. Quinine has been used for the treatment of malaria and associated febrile states, leg cramps caused by vascular spasm, internal hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and pleural cavities after thoracoplasty.
How is quinine used in medicine?
Quinine works by killing the parasite or preventing it from growing. This medicine may be used alone or given together with one or more medicines for malaria. Quinine should not be used to treat or prevent night time leg cramps.
What is quinine and why is it important?
quinine, drug obtained from cinchona bark that is used chiefly in the treatment of malaria, an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of various species of mosquitoes.
What is the chemical formula of quinine?
C20H24N2O2Quinine / Formula
Is quinine effective against malaria?
The combination of quinine and clindamycin has proven highly efficacious against multidrug-resistant strains of P. falciparum, with 42 day cure rates of 100% in one study [50].
What is quinine sulfate used for?
Qualaquin (quinine sulfate) is an antimalarial drug used to treat malaria, a disease caused by parasites. Parasites that cause malaria typically enter the body through the bite of a mosquito. Malaria is common in areas such as Africa, South America, and Southern Asia.
What is natural quinine?
Quinine is a bitter compound that comes from the bark of the cinchona tree. The tree is most commonly found in South America, Central America, the islands of the Caribbean, and parts of the western coast of Africa. Quinine was originally developed as a medicine to fight malaria.
Is quinine an antiviral?
Quinine showed medium antiviral in-vitro activity with EC50 of 10.7 ± 2.0 uM and EC50 of 38.8 ± 34 uM.
What are the effects of quinine?
Mild headache, flushing, unusual sweating, nausea, ringing in the ears, decreased hearing, dizziness, blurred vision, and temporary changes in color vision may occur.
Why quinine is given as infusion?
Intravenous injection of quinine is recommended by the WHO as an alternative to injectable artesunate and injectable artemether for the treatment of severe malaria.
What is quinine hydrochloride?
Quinine hydrochlorideProduct ingredient for Quinine An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633.
Before Taking This Medicine
You should not use this medication if you have ever had an allergic reaction to quinine or similar medicines such as mefloquine or quinidine, or if...
How Should I Take quinine?
Follow all directions on your prescription label. Do not take this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.Take with f...
What Happens If I Miss A Dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If you are more than 4 hours late for your dose, skip the missed dose and take the medicine at your n...
What Should I Avoid While Taking quinine?
Avoid taking other anti-malaria medications without your doctor's advice. This includes chloroquine, halofantrine, and mefloquine.Avoid using antac...
What Other Drugs Will Affect quinine?
Many drugs can interact with quinine. Not all possible interactions are listed here. Tell your doctor about all your medications and any you start...
What is Quinine used for?
Quinine, drug obtained from cinchona bark that is used chiefly in the treatment of malaria, an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium , which is transmitted to humans by the bite of various species of mosquitoes.
Which is more effective, chloroquine or quinine?
Some of them, such as chloroquine, are more effective than quinine in suppressing the growth of the blood forms of the malarial parasite; others, such as primaquine, act upon both the blood and tissue stages of the parasite, thus producing complete cures and preventing relapses.
What was the only treatment for malaria?
During the 300 years between its introduction into Western medicine and World War I, quinine was the only effective remedy for malaria; as a specific treatment for this disease, quinine benefited a great many people.
When was quinine first used?
Quinine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1944; however, synthesis of the drug on a commercial scale is not economically feasible.
Does quinine cause deafness?
Prolonged administration of quinine may produce toxic symptoms such as deafness, disturbances in vision, rash, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now.
Does quinine help with malaria?
Administration of quinine dramatically improves the condition of a person with malaria ; the parasites promptly disappear from the blood, and the symptoms of the disease are quickly alleviated. When quinine treatment is terminated, however, many recovered patients experience another attack of malaria several weeks later.
What is quinine used for?
Quinine is a medication and cutting agent used to cut illicit narcotics such as heroin; it has also been used to treat malaria and babesiosis. This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. While sometimes used for restless legs syndrome, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world. Quinine is also the ingredient in tonic water that gives it its bitter taste.
What happens if you take quinine?
Quinine can cause unpredictable serious and life-threatening blood and cardiovascular reactions including low platelet count and hemolytic-uremic syndrome / thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP), long QT syndrome and other serious cardiac arrhythmias including torsades de pointes, blackwater fever, disseminated intravascular coagulation, leukopenia, and neutropenia. Some people who have developed TTP due to quinine have gone on to develop kidney failure. It can also cause serious hypersensitivity reactions include anaphylactic shock, urticaria, serious skin rashes, including Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, angioedema, facial edema, bronchospasm, granulomatous hepatitis, and itchiness.
What trees produce quinine?
Cinchona trees remain the only economically practical source of quinine. However, under wartime pressure during World War II, research towards its synthetic production was undertaken. A formal chemical synthesis was accomplished in 1944 by American chemists R.B. Woodward and W.E. Doering. Since then, several more efficient quinine total syntheses have been achieved, but none of them can compete in economic terms with isolation of the alkaloid from natural sources. The first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, was discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856 while he was attempting to synthesize quinine.
What is the chiral moiety of quinine?
Quinine (and quinidine) are used as the chiral moiety for the ligands used in Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as well as for numerous other chiral catalyst backbones. Because of its relatively constant and well-known fluorescence quantum yield, quinine is used in photochemistry as a common fluorescence standard.
What is the color of tonic water?
Tonic water, in normal light and ultraviolet " black light ". The quinine content of tonic water causes it to fluoresce under black light. Quinine is a flavor component of tonic water and bitter lemon drink mixers. On the soda gun behind many bars, tonic water is designated by the letter "Q" representing quinine.
When did quinine stop being sold?
From 1969, to 1992, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received 157 reports of health problems related to quinine use, including 23 which had resulted in death. In 1994, the FDA banned the marketing of over-the-counter quinine as a treatment for nocturnal leg cramps.
Where did Quinine originate?
Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a cinchona tree, which is native to Peru. Bark extracts had been used to treat malaria since at least 1632 and it was introduced to Spain as early as 1636 by Jesuit missionaries from the New World. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
What is Quinine used for?
It can also be found in smaller amounts in regular tonic water. In the present time, quinine is used to treat arthritis and lupus in the form of hydroxychloroquine. Quinine is an effective muscle relaxant and can be mixed with medicine for a cramps treatment of muscle injuries.
Where does quinine come from?
Quinine is a white crystaline alkaloid that naturally occurs in the bark of the Cinchona tree, although quinine can synthetically be produced in a lab as well. The Quechua Indians of Peru and Bolivia discovered the Cinchona tree; these peoples were aware of the medicinal properties of quinine.
What was the purpose of the Cinchona tree?
Cinchona trees served as a very practical source of quinine. During II World War, feeling the pressure of so many deaths, scientific research was conducted with the aim of discovering whether the synthetic production of quinine was a viable option.
When was quinine first discovered?
The first trial of synthesized quinine was done by William Henry Perkin in 1856.
Can quinine cause paralysis?
Another thing you should be aware of is that quinine injected to muscles may even cause paralysis that can last permanently. There are also other side effects such as erectile hypertension, constipation, dysfunction, diarrhea, too fast heartbeat, fever, etc.
Does quinine help with arthritis?
It has properties to reduce the symptoms of arthritis. And quinine was proven to be an symptomatic treatment for arthritis; it managed to return an immobile hand into a movable state. And in nowadays, it is known that quinine is pretty effective for treating lupus.
Is quinine analgesic or analgesic?
Quinine has a few different medicinal properties such as anti-fever, anti-arrhythmic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. But one needs to be careful when it comes to usage of the quinine. It is very important to follow instructions from a medical professional or doctor.
What is the function of quinine?
Structures of quinine and quinidine, highlighting their structural features. Quinine acts primarily against the blood phase of the disease, but is reported to be weakly gametocytocidal, which means that it kills the parasite in the intraerthrocytic sexual stages (the gametes in the blood stage of the human infection).
How long does quinine last?
For the emergency treatment of severe malaria, 600 mg of quinine in 300 ml of normal saline is injected intravenously over a period of 2-4 hours. The dose may be repeated with a maximum of 2g of the drug in 24 hours.
What is the most abundant cinchona alkaloid?
Quinine ( 1) is the most abundant cinchona alkaloid and it also belongs to the quinoline methanol family of quinoline antimalarials. It contains a basic aromatic heterocycle (the quinoline ring) and a side chain, which features a secondary alcohol, alkene, and cyclic amine ( Fig. 3.23 ).
What is the reaction of quinine and LiAlH4?
Quinine reacted with LiAlH4 to yield 202, and the LiAlH4 products of both (+)-quinidine (203, a diastereomer of quinine) and (+)-cinchonine (the derivative of quinidine without the OMe group on the quinoline unit) are chiral reducing agents.
What alkaloids are in cinchonidine?
The Jesuits after arriving to the remains of the Inca Empire noticed that the Indians chewed the bark to prevent shivering of cold. Assuming that the bark also could cure the shivering caused by malaria attack they brought the bark back to Europe, a big part of which at that time was suffering under the burden of malaria. Indeed, correct dosing of the bark or extracts of the bark did cure several cases of malaria [22,23]. However, a serious drawback of this preparation was the problem of dosing correctly. The content of quininoline alkaloids in the bark of different species of Cinchona may vary between 4% and 7%, in some selected hybrids up to 17%. The small therapeutic window of quinine makes the variation in the content a severe problem for correct dosing of the drug. Too high doses might cause tinnitus, vomiting, and stimulatory action of the pancreatic β-cell causing hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [1]. Therefore, it was a major step in the fight against malaria when Pelletier and Caventou in 1820 isolated quinine sulfate in a decent quality. A major illustration of the importance of the possibility of administration of quinine in reproducible doses was illustrated by the four expeditions on the river Niger in the nineteenth century. During the first two expeditions (1805 and 1833), 39 of 44 and 32 of 40, respectively, Europeans died from malaria. In the third expedition, the crew consisted of 62 Europeans. Of these, 55 were infected with malaria but 39 were successfully treated with quinine. Finally, during the fourth expedition (1854), all the Europeans were prophylactically treated with quinine. No European died from malaria during this trip [14]. Also, the use of quinine drastically reduced the military mortality in areas in the tropics [22].
How much quinine hydrochloride should I take a day?
Usually an oral dose of 200-300 mg of quinine hydrochloride or sulphate has been recommended for adults, which is given four times a day for 5-10 days. The drug may also be given at a dose of 10 mg/kg at 8 hourly intervals [62,116–118].
What is cinchonism in a drug?
Cinchonism resembles salicylism associated with salicylate toxicity. Mild forms of cinchonism include ringing in the ears, high-tone deafness, visual disturbances, headache, dysphoria, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and postural hypotension. These occur fairly frequently and disappear soon after the drug is withdrawn.
When was Quinine used?
It has been used in unextracted form by Europeans since at least the early 17 th century ( x ). Quinine remained the antimalarial drug of choice until after World War II. Quinine is commonly used alone or with other medications to treat malaria, but it should not be used to prevent malaria.
What is the chiral moiety of quinine?
In the scientific community, quinine – and quinidine – are used as the “chiral moiety” for the ligands used in “sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation” as well as for numerous other “chiral catalyst backbones.”.
Where does quinine come from?
Quinine Powder. As we touched on in the beginning of this article, quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a cinchona tree, which is native to Peru, and bark extracts have been used to treat malaria since at least 1632.
What is the only source of quinine?
Cinchona trees remain the only “economically practical” source of quinine, however, under wartime pressure during World War II, research on its synthetic production was undertaken, with a formal chemical synthesis accomplished in 1944 by American chemists R.B. Woodward and W.E. Doering.
What is the name of the brand of quinine sulfate?
In the United States, quinine sulfate is commercially available in 324-milligram tablets under the brand name Qualaquin; it’s also a flavor component of tonic water and bitter lemon drink mixers – in fact, on the soda gun behind many bars, tonic water is designated by the letter “Q” representing quinine.
How does Quinine work?
Quinine works by killing the parasite or preventing it from growing. Quinine may be used alone or given together with one or more medicines for malaria. Quinine should not be used to treat or prevent night time leg cramps.
What is Quinine Sulfate used for?
Last updated on April 26, 2021. Quinine sulfate use for the treatment or prevention of nocturnal leg cramps may result in serious and life-threatening hematologic reactions, including thrombocytopenia and hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP). Chronic renal impairment associated with the development ...
What to do if you miss quinine?
If you miss a dose of quinine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
Can you take quinine with Sparfloxacin?
Terfenadine. Thioridazine. Ziprasidone. Using quinine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Can you change the dose of quinine?
Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of quinine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
Can quinine cause a fever?
Serious skin reactions can occur with quinine. Check with your doctor right away if you have blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin, red skin lesions, severe acne or a skin rash, sores or ulcers on the skin, or fever or chills with quinine. Quinine may cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
Does quinine cause blurred vision?
You may also sweat, shake, or have blurred vision, a fast heartbeat, or a headache that will not go away. Tell your doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms. Before you have any medical tests, tell the medical doctor in charge that you are using quinine. The results of some tests may be affected by quinine.
Why do people drink quinine?
People have consumed quinine in tonic water to help treat cases of malaria for centuries. In this article, learn about what quinine is and what its side effects and possible benefits are.
What are the side effects of quinine?
Some of the possible side effects of taking quinine as a medication include: abnormal heartbeat. kidney damage. severe allergic reaction. electrolyte imbalance. vision or eye issues.
What is the bitter taste of tonic water?
Here’s our process. Tonic water is a soft drink containing quinine , which gives it a bitter taste. Quinine is a common treatment for malaria. Some people believe that it can also help with leg cramps and restless legs syndrome. Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree.
Why is quinine bitter?
As a food additive , quinine offers a bitter taste. Manufacturers usually add it to tonic water.
Does quinine cause nausea?
Side effects. Quinine is very diluted in tonic water. The likelihood of a person experiencing any side effects from drinking tonic water is slim. However, side effects of quinine can include: ringing in the ears. vomiting. stomach cramps. nervousness. nausea.
Can quinine be used for restless legs?
In fact, the FDA have warned doctors against prescribing quinine to treat leg cramps or restless legs syndrome. Tonic water is a carbonated soft drink that may contain sugar and has little nutritional value. The quinine present in tonic water provides a distinctive bitter flavor.
Does tonic water help with leg cramps?
Tonic water does not have any known nutritional benefits. Many people believe that drinking tonic water helps with nighttime leg cramps and restless legs syndrome. However, there is no scientific evidence verifying this belief.
What percentage of quinine is used in soft drinks?
Did you know that about 40% of commercial quinine is used by the pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industries? About 60% is used in the food industry as the bitter principle of soft drinks.
What is the bark of a cinchona tree used for?
The bark of the cinchona tree, containing the alkaloid quinine, was the first effective treatment for malaria, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs took over. Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical situations.
Overview
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis. This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. Malaria resista…
Uses
As of 2006, quinine is no longer recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a first-line treatment for malaria, because there are other substances that are equally effective with fewer side effects. They recommend that it be used only when artemisinins are not available. Quinine is also used to treat lupus and arthritis.
Contraindications
Because of the narrow difference between its therapeutic and toxic effects, quinine is a common cause of drug-induced disorders, including thrombocytopenia and thrombotic microangiopathy. Even from minor levels occurring in common beverages, quinine can have severe adverse effects involving multiple organ systems, among which are immune system effects and fever, hypotension, hemolytic anemia, acute kidney injury, liver toxicity, and blindness. In people with atrial fibrillation, conduction …
Adverse effects
Quinine can cause unpredictable serious and life-threatening blood and cardiovascular reactions including low platelet count and hemolytic-uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP), long QT syndrome and other serious cardiac arrhythmias including torsades de pointes, blackwater fever, disseminated intravascular coagulation, leukopenia, and neutropenia. Some people who have developed TTP due to quinine have gone on to develop kidney failure. It can als…
Mechanism of action
Quinine is used for its toxicity to the malarial pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum, by interfering with the parasite's ability to dissolve and metabolize hemoglobin. As with other quinoline antimalarial drugs, the precise mechanism of action of quinine has not been fully resolved, although in vitro studies indicate it inhibits nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and inhibits glycolysis in P. falciparum. The most widely accepted hypothesis of its action is based on the well-studied and …
Chemistry
The UV absorption of quinine peaks around 350 nm (in UVA). Fluorescent emission peaks at around 460 nm (bright blue/cyan hue). Quinine is highly fluorescent (quantum yield ~0.58) in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution.
Cinchona trees remain the only economically practical source of quinine. However, under wartime pressure during World War II, research towards its synthetic production was undertaken. A form…
History
Quinine was used as a muscle relaxant by the Quechua people, who are indigenous to Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, to halt shivering. The Quechua would mix the ground bark of cinchona trees with sweetened water to offset the bark's bitter taste, thus producing something similar to tonic water.
Spanish Jesuit missionaries were the first to bring cinchona to Europe. The Spa…
Society and culture
The bark of Remijia contains 0.5–2% of quinine. The bark is cheaper than bark of Cinchona. As it has an intense taste, it is used for making tonic water.
From 1969, to 1992, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received 157 reports of health problems related to quinine use, including 23 which had resulted in death. In 1994, the FDA banned the marketing of over-the-counter quinine as a treatment for nocturnal leg cramps. Pfizer