The ultimate purpose of the study was to test whether court-mandated counseling reduced the likelihood of repeat violence by men convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence. However, researchers also tested the underlying theory arising from the reanalyses of the Minneapolis experiment and Spouse Assault Replication Programs (SARPs). This theory proposes that having a stake in conformity predicts when an intervention (whether an arrest or court-mandated treatment) will be effective in reducing the likelihood of subsequent violence (Berk et al., 1992; Sherman, 1992). The researchers therefore began with two hypotheses. First, men who are mandated into counseling will demonstrate a lower likelihood of repeat violence compared with men assigned to the control (no treatment) group. Second, men who have a high stake in conformity will have a lower likelihood of recidivism than those with a low stake in conformity.
Full Answer
What is domestic violence treatment?
Domestic violence, also known as partner violence (PV), is a major social and public health problem in the United States. For the past three decades, individuals arrested for PV have been mandated to complete a course of treatment in accordance with the various standards in the states in which they were arrested.
Does intendeds function of domestic violence differ for arrested perpetrators?
Hamberger KK, Lohr JM, Bonge D. Intendeds function of domestic violence is different for arrested male and female perpetrators. Family Violence and Sexual Assault Bulletin. 1994;10(3–4):40–44. [Google Scholar] Hamby S.
What is the best book on family interventions in domestic violence?
In J. Hamel & T. Nicholls (Eds.), Family interventions in domestic violence: A handbook of gender-inclusive theory and treatment (pp. 437-456). New York: Springer Publishing. Price, B., & Rosenbaum, A. (2009). Batterer intervention programs: A report from the field. Violence and Victims, 24 (6), 757-770. Retzinger, S. M. (1991).
Do Bips reduce recidivistic violence?
Results of rigorous experimental studies indicate that, on average, participation in a BIP contributes only a 5% reduction in recidivistic violence above and beyond arrest and court monitoring (Babcock, Green, & Robie, 2004; Eckhardt, Murphy, Black, & Suhr, 2006; Eckhardt, Murphy, Shitaker, Sprunger, Dykstra, & Woodard (2013).
Why is it important to study domestic violence?
Domestic violence against females is a serious public health concern in every community and culture. It has drawn attention from the medical community because it has a negative and harmful impact on the mental, physical and social health of females.
What does the research on domestic violence suggest about primary prevention?
With that caveat, the existing research suggests that effective primary prevention approaches for intimate-partner and sexual violence would include strategies to improve gender equality; to change social norms regarding violence, masculinity and gender roles and relationships; to reduce poverty and to strengthen ...
What is the purpose of domestic violence Awareness Month?
Domestic Violence Awareness Month (DVAM) was launched nationwide in October 1987 as a way to connect and unite individuals and organizations working on domestic violence issues while raising awareness for those issues.
What is the goal of perpetrator counseling?
The General Role of 'Perpetrator' Treatment. Mandated group treatment for primary aggression is more a sociological intervention than a psychotherapeutic one. The first goal of 'perpetrator' treatment is safety of the survivors. Enrolling primary aggressors in a treatment group can advance survivor safety in four ways.
Why is primary prevention important?
Primary prevention reduces both the incidence and prevalence of a disease, because the focus is on preventing the disease before it develops. This can change the health of the nation for the better. Secondary and tertiary prevention are also significant.
What measures might be taken to reduce intimate partner violence?
These strategies include teaching safe and healthy relationship skills; engaging influential adults and peers; disrupting the developmental pathways toward IPV; creating protective environments; strengthening economic supports for families; and supporting survivors to increase safety and lessen harms.
How can we promote domestic violence awareness?
Raise Awareness About Domestic and Sexual ViolenceEducate Yourself. Knowledge is power! ... Speak up! Domestic and sexual violence are silent epidemics that thrive in environments of secrecy and shame. ... Share Resources. ... Host a Training or Workshop. ... Participate In A New Hope Awareness Campaign.
What is domestic violence awareness Day?
Purple Thursday is a national day of action each October during Domestic Violence Awareness Month. It is an opportunity to raise awareness about domestic violence and an easy way for people to show their commitment to promoting healthy relationships.
What color is domestic violence awareness?
color purpleDomestic violence awareness is associated with the color purple. Throughout October, people decorate their lives in the color purple – from t-shirts and ribbons to nail polish and hair color. The color purple is a symbol of peace, courage, survival, honor and dedication to ending violence.
What is a recommended treatment approach for perpetrators of IPV?
Aside from mandatory arrest, the most frequently used intervention strategies for IPV are feminist sociocultural (Duluth model; Pence & Paymar, 1993) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT; Murphy & Eckhardt, 2005) administered in all male groups.
What does batterer mean?
/ ˈbæt ər ər / PHONETIC RESPELLING. 📓 High School Level. noun. a person or thing that batters. a person who inflicts violent physical abuse upon a child, spouse, or other person.
Can empathy be taught to perpetrators of IPV?
Teaching empathy to IPV perpetrators is a common component of treatment and has been shown to be effective in reducing recidivism (Dobash, et al., 2000).
What is domestic violence?
Domestic violence, also known as partner violence (PV), is a major social and public health problem in the United States. For the past three decades, individuals arrested for PV have been mandated to complete a course of treatment in accordance with the various standards in the states in which they were arrested.
What is evidence based practice?
From a social work perspective, Shlonsky and Gibbs (2004) define evidence-based practice as “a systematic process that blends current best evidence, client preferences (wherever possible), and clinical expertise, resulting in services that are both individualized and empirically sound ” (p. 137). According to the American Psychological Association (2006): “ Evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences” (p. 273). The best available research can be ranked on a scale of most to least reliable (e.g., Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, 2001). Level I evidence derives from meta-analyses and RAC (random assignment to conditions) studies. Level II evidence includes quasi-experimental designs (controlled studies without randomization, using non-equivalent control groups or a pretest-posttest design). Level III consists of well-designed non-experimental studies (i.e., case and correlational studies, also known as explanatory research ). The vast majority of research on partner violence falls in this category. (Unless otherwise indicated, the studies in this review are the level III type.) Level IV data are qualitative and descriptive, based on observations, theory and/or clinical experience (e.g., program descriptions and case studies). Reliable evidence in the field of partner violence can also be obtained from Level I-III studies conducted with related populations (e.g., substance abusers, criminals, people with mental health issues). Level IV information is the least reliable and policies and interventions based on this alone cannot be considered evidence-based.
Why do men and women perpetrate PV?
Men and women are motivated to perpetrate PV for the same reasons— primarily in retribution, because of stress or jealousy, to express anger or other feelings, and to get a partner’s attention. Power and control and self-defense are not as frequently endorsed, but somewhat more so by female perpetrators (Langhinrichsen- Rohling et al., 2012b).
What is EBPP in psychology?
According to the American Psychological Association (2006): “ Evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences ” (p. 273).
Is batterer intervention evidence based?
Based on these criteria , current policies on batterer intervention are not evidence-based for a number of reasons. PV policy and intervention, including state batterer intervention standards, are based on recommendations from battered women’s advocates and limited to Level IV information and theory, or based on Level I-III selected data sets—e.g., relying exclusively on crime studies rather than general population studies, cherry-picking from outdated studies (Corvo et al., 2008, 2009; Hines, in press). While these organizations should be applauded for the work they have done on behalf of victims, they are an unreliable source of data on partner violence.
Does PV cause depression?
According to large national surveys, having witnessed PV as a child predicts both the perpetration of PV and symptoms of depression in adulthood (Straus et al., 1990). There is a weak correlation between depression and PV overall (Capaldi et al., 2012), but a stronger one for depression and severe PV (Hotzworth-Munroe & Stuart, 1994; Danielson et al., 1998; Pan et al., 1994). Among severely abusive perpetrators, shame has been found in several studies to be the foundation for anger (Harper et al., 2005; Retzinger, 1991; Tangney et al., 1996); the highest levels of rage and abuse among men in one well-researched Canadian program were among those who had experienced rejection and shame in their family of origin (Dutton, 1998), Likewise, insecure attachment has also been associated with PV, especially preoccupied attachment (dependent, fears abandonment); and the pairing of individuals with various attachment styles has been found to increase the likelihood of both unilateral and mutual violence (see Hamel, 2014 for a review).
Is PV bidirectional?
57.5% of PV has been found to be bi-directional, 28.3% is female-on-male and 13.8% male-on-female (Langhinrichsen- Rohling et al., 2012a).
What is BIPS treatment?
The only form of treatment that research currently supports are Batterer Intervention Programs , or BIPS. BIPS attempt to address all levels of violence including verbal abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and physical abuse.
What is the logic behind the treatment of angry men?
The logic behind such treatment was that if men could just learn to recognize when they were getting angry (counting to ten, using a punching bag, etc), then they could control their behavior.
How long is a BIP class?
A six month long series of classes taught by licensed facilitators, BIP classes present physical violence not as isolated, incidental behavior. Instead, physical violence is the culmination of many abusive behaviors, or tactics, to gain power and control over another person.
What is the treatment of choice for road rage?
The treatment of choice used to be anger management classes, which may be an appropriate treatment choice for someone with chronic road rage, but not for someone who commits violence against an intimate partner or family member.
Can you get counseling for a batterer?
Individualized counseling is often recommended for batterers, either alone, or in addition to another program. However, many people in the domestic violence field are strongly opposed to couples counseling as treatment.
How does cognitive behavioral therapy help with domestic violence?
The practice includes interventions that are designed to reduce partner violence by identifying and changing the thought processes leading to violent acts and teaching offenders new skills to control and change their behavior. These interventions use cognitive behavioral therapy as applied in a domestic violence setting.
How does CBT help with violence?
CBT attempts to change the behavior by identifying the thought processes and beliefs that contribute to the offenders’ violence. Physically abusive men are encouraged to think about and change their understanding of violence, examine the circumstances surrounding their violence, and disrupt the cognitive chain that leads to their commission ...
What is recidivism in CBT?
Recidivism was considered any report of physical violence reported by the victims and/or domestic violence incidents reported by the police during the follow-up period. For the recidivism outcomes, the meta-analysis reported an effect size for five quasi-experimental CBT interventions ( k = 5).
How many randomized trials were there?
Of the six randomized trials identified, four used a no-treatment control group, and the remaining two used “other treatment” as a comparison group. The six trials used in the meta-analysis had 12 citations: five trials had been published in at least one peer-reviewed journal.
What are the therapeutic techniques used in CBT?
Some of the specific therapeutic techniques used in CBT programs may include. Self-instruction using imagery, affirmations, or motivational self-talk.
What is CBT practice?
Practice Components. CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on patterns of thinking and the beliefs, attitudes, and values that underlie that thinking. It is not a distinct therapeutic technique, but rather a general term for a classification of similar therapies. These specific approaches include rational-emotive behavior therapy, ...
Why do we use the Reasons for Violence Scale?
The Reasons for Violence Scale (RVS; Stuart et al., 2006) was used to assess reasons for perpetrating physical aggression against relationship partners. Participants were provided with 29 potential reasons and asked to identify the percentage of violent episodes in which each reason was a factor in their decision to perpetrate partner violence. The score for each item could range from 0% to 100%, which indicates the percentage of time each reason was the cause of a violent episode. Given that violence can occur for multiple reasons, participants could endorse multiple motivations for violence. We then coded each item on the RVS into the seven categories proposed by Langhinrichsen-Rohling and colleagues (2012). Table 1presents the classification of the questionnaire items.
What are the motives of female perpetrators?
Numerous studies have shown that the primary motives provided by female perpetrators are to gain control over their partner, as retribution, as part of a reciprocally violent relationship, or out of anger , which are also motives frequently endorsed by male perpetrators (Follingstad et al., 1991; Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2005; Langhinrichsen-Rohling, 2010). Although extant research has examined and compared men and women’s motivations for IPV, most of the existing research was obtained from undergraduate samples and did not contain data that enabled direct gender comparisons in the motivations for IPV (Langhinrichsen-Rohling et al., 2012). Thus, additional research that compares men and women’s motivations for IPV in clinical samples (e.g., individuals arrested for domestic violence) is needed. In an effort to evaluate the available literature on men and women’s motives for partner violence and ultimately clarify the similarities and/or differences among them, a number of systematic literature reviews have been conducted (Langhinrichsen-Rohling et al., 2012). Malloy, McCloskey, Grigsby, & Gardner (2003)reviewed the extant literature on motives for IPV perpetration and reported a number of gender differences. Specifically, the authors found that women typically engage in IPV out of self-defense, whereas men perpetrate IPV in order to control their partners (Malloy et al., 2003).
When did domestic violence start?
The concept of domestic violence (DV) treatment, also known as batterer intervention programs or BIPs, first emerged in the late 1970s, following the raised awareness of DV as a social problem during the second wave of the women’s rights movement.
When did DV start?
The first DV treatment programs were formed from grassroots efforts, as a group of male, profeminist advocates formed EMERGE in Boston in 1977, and soon after, other DV treatment programs began to form across the United States (EMERGE, 2000; Saunders, 2008 ). In the years that followed, the United States’ courts began to sentence offenders to ...