Why might I need an extremity X-ray?
At a break in a bone, the X-ray beam passes through the broken area and appears as a dark line in the white bone. Why might I need an extremity X-ray? X-rays of the arm, leg, hand, foot, ankle, shoulder, knee, hip or hand may be done to assess the bones for injuries.
Why is proper radiographic positioning so important?
Proper radiographic positioning is essential to high-quality radiographs. Find out why. Like a seasoned photographer in the Arctic Circle creating their shot, radiologic technologists know the importance of perspective. They use it to create the illusion of three dimensions on a flat surface.
What types of X-rays are used in the evaluation of injuries?
X-rays of the arm, leg, hand, foot, ankle, shoulder, knee, hip or hand may be done to assess the bones for injuries. This includes fractures or broken bones.
What is an X-ray used to diagnose?
X-rays use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to make images of the bones, and surrounding soft tissues. Standard X-rays are done for many reasons, including diagnosing tumors, infections, foreign bodies, or bone injuries. X-rays are made by using external radiation to produce images of the extremity for diagnostic purposes.
Why do we need X-rays?
Why do doctors need X-rays?
How are X-rays made?
What is removed during X-ray?
What makes X-rays appear white?
What are the parts of the body that are affected by X-rays?
What are the conditions that can be seen on an X-ray?
See more
About this website
What is extremity radiography?
An extremity x-ray is an image of the hands, wrist, feet, ankle, leg, thigh, forearm humerus or upper arm, hip, shoulder or all of these areas. The term "extremity" often refers to a human limb. X-rays are a form of radiation that passes through the body to form an image on film.
What is the main purpose of a radiographic examination?
It is used to diagnose or treat patients by recording images of the internal structure of the body to assess the presence or absence of disease, foreign objects, and structural damage or anomaly. During a radiographic procedure, an x-ray beam is passed through the body.
What is the purpose of imaging examination of bone and joint trauma?
A bone x-ray is used to: diagnose fractured bones or joint dislocation. demonstrate proper alignment and stabilization of bony fragments following treatment of a fracture. guide orthopedic surgery, such as spine repair/fusion, joint replacement and fracture reductions.
What is the radiography of a joint?
An arthrogram is a test using X-rays to obtain a series of pictures of a joint after a contrast material (such as a dye, water, air, or a combination of these) has been injected into the joint.
What are the advantages of radiograph testing?
Radiographic Testing ( RT ) Inspection Benefits Minimal surface preparation required. Determination of crack growth. Detection of both surface and subsurface defects. Permanent record of the inspection.
Why is radiography important in medical care?
Radiology's role is central to disease management, with a wide choice of tools and techniques available for the detection, staging and treatment. Diagnostic imaging provides detailed information about structural or disease related changes. Early diagnosis saves lives.
What is the importance of the imaging modalities in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases?
Medical imaging allows doctors to find diseases in their early stages, which leads to better outcomes for patients. Diseases are most treatable when they're caught early, so this revolutionary technology is truly life-changing.
What is a bone scan looking for?
Bone scan can provide early detection of primary cancer and cancer that has spread to the bones from other parts of the body. Bone scan can detect osteomyelitis, an infection of the bone or bone marrow. Bone scan helps monitor the effects of treatment on bone abnormalities.
What instrument is used to examine a joint?
An arthroscopy is done when a doctor wants to inspect the inside of a joint. They use an instrument called an arthroscope.
What is used to evaluate the function of the joint?
Arthrography is medical imaging used in the evaluation and diagnosis of joints conditions.
Why is imaging important in clinical diagnosis?
An inadequate or late diagnosis significantly diminishes the cure rate and increases the degree of complications and morbidity; for these reasons, imaging modalities are essential to confirm the presumed clinical diagnosis and to provide information regarding the exact site and extent of the infectious process.
What is the purpose of sonography?
Sonography is most useful in the diagnosis of fluid collections, periosteal involvement, and surrounding soft tissue abnormalities and may provide guidance for diagnostic or therapeutic aspiration, drainage, or tissue biopsy.
Why is osteomyelitis critical?
DIAGNOSIS. Early diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis is critical because prompt antibiotic therapy may prevent necrosis of bone. Osteomyelitis is primarily a clinical diagnosis, although the clinical picture may be confusing.
How to diagnose osteomyelitis?
In pyogenic infections, the first change in bone indicates that the infectious process has been present for 2 to 3 weeks or more. In general, osteomyelitis must extend at least 1 cm and compromise 30 to 50% of bone mineral content to produce noticeable changes in plain radiographs. Early findings may be subtle, and changes may not be obvious until 5 to 7 days in children and 10 to 14 days in adults. Typical early bony changes include: periosteal thickening, lytic lesions, endosteal scalloping, osteopenia, loss of trabecular architecture, and new bone apposition.14The specificity of plain radiographs for the detection of osteomyelitis is higher than its sensitivity, and because of this, use of alternative imaging methods such as scintigraphic modalities and MRI has been prompted. Single or multiple radiolucent abscesses can be evident during subacute or chronic stages of osteomyelitis. These abscesses now are defined as circumscribed lesions showing predilection for (but not confinement to) the extremes of tubular bones; they are characteristically found in subacute pyogenic osteomyelitis, usually of staphylococcal origin. Brodie's abscesses are especially common in children, more typically boys. In this age group, they appear in the metaphyses, particularly that of the distal or proximal portions of the tibia.
What is the best imaging for osteomyelitis?
Sonography is most useful in the diagnosis of fluid collections, periosteal involvement, and surrounding soft tissue abnormalities and may provide guidance for diagnostic or therapeutic aspiration, drainage, or tissue biopsy. Computed tomography scan can be a useful method to detect early osseous erosion and to document the presence of sequestrum, foreign body, or gas formation but generally is less sensitive than other modalities for the detection of bone infection. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive and most specific imaging modality for the detection of osteomyelitis and provides superb anatomic detail and more accurate information of the extent of the infectious process and soft tissues involved. Nuclear medicine imaging is particularly useful in identifying multifocal osseous involvement.
What imaging is used to diagnose osteomyelitis?
Several imaging modalities have been used in the evaluation of suspected osteomyelitis, but no one can definitively confirm the presence or absence of infection.13Cross-sectional imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are now considered standard in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Although expensive, they are sensitive and specific. These modalities give excellent anatomic delineation of the infected area and the surrounding soft tissues. Nuclear medicine techniques, although highly sensitive, are sometimes nonspecific. Confirmation of the presence of osteomyelitis usually entails a combination of imaging techniques. The main features of osteomyelitis on individual imaging techniques are summarized in Table Table22.
What is the best way to detect osseous erosion?
Computed tomography scan can be a useful method to detect early osseous erosion and to document the presence of sequestrum, foreign body, or gas formation but generally is less sensitive than other modalities for the detection of bone infection.
What to look for in an X-ray of an extremity?
As you review the films, pay special attention to the cortical outline of each bone and also look for abnormalities in bone density and texture. A breach in the cortical outline signals a fracture whereas changes in bone density may be a sign of a chronic problem like osteopenia or demineralization. Know how to recognize bony lesions, which may be benign or malignant.
What should you analyze with an X-ray?
The first thing you should analyze with any X-ray is the adequacy of the film. For example, does the image portray the correct side of the body? Is the penetration of the image appropriate? Is there any artifact obscuring the image? If you can’t see what you’re looking at, or are using an image that doesn’t show the entire or correct portion of the anatomy you need to view, the X-ray isn’t going to help you.
How many views of the extremity are needed for orthopedics?
When it comes to orthopedics, always get at least two views of the extremity in question (anterior-posterior and lateral). Three views is even better, in some cases essential. Adding an oblique view can help visualize difficult to see fractures and other bony abnormalities that might otherwise have been missed. X-rays aren’t always adequate. CT or MRI may be required to visualize certain orthopedic conditions. Know when more advanced imaging is your best bet.
What does a fat pad on an X-ray mean?
This is often the case in elbow injuries and fractures, for example, where a fracture may not be well visualized on X-ray, but a “fat pad sign” or “sail sign” clues you in to a possible intra-articular injury or fracture.
Can you see cartilage on an X-ray?
While cartilage itself is not readily visible on an X-ray, radiographic imaging does allow for evaluation of joint spaces. Abnormally wide spaces, for example, could signal a ligament injury or distracted fracture. Narrow spaces may be a sign of degenerative processes and thinning cartilage, as in the case of osteoporosis. You must also assess the growth plates in your imaging of pediatric patients. Injuries involving the growth plate are prone to complication and should be carefully treated and followed up closely.
Can a nurse interpret an orthopedic X-ray?
Fortunately for nurse practitioners, interpretation of orthopedic extremity X-rays involves fewer steps as there is generally not quite so much anatomy to consider compared with the trunk. While not all NPs interpret their own radiography, it’s still essential to have a basic understanding of how the process works.
Why do doctors use ultrasound?
Doctors use ultrasound to detect changes in the appearance of organs, tissues, and vessels and to detect abnormal masses, such as tumors.
What is ultrasound imaging?
Ultrasound imaging is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. Ultrasound images of the musculoskeletal system provide pictures of muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, nerves and soft tissues throughout the body. top of page.
How does ultrasound work?
It uses a small probe called a transducer and gel placed directly on the skin. High-frequency sound waves travel from the probe through the gel into the body. The probe collects the sounds that bounce back. A computer uses those sound waves to create an image. Ultrasound exams do not use radiation (as used in x-rays ).
Why do you need a follow up exam?
If so, your doctor will explain why. Sometimes a follow-up exam further evaluates a potential issue with more views or a special imaging technique. It may also see if there has been any change in an issue over time. Follow-up exams are often the best way to see if treatment is working or if a problem needs attention.
What is the purpose of a transducer in an ultrasound?
In an ultrasound exam, a transduc er both sends the sound waves and records the echoing waves. When the transducer is pressed against the skin, it sends small pulses of inaudible, high-frequency sound waves into the body. As the sound waves bounce off internal organs, fluids and tissues, the sensitive receiver in the transducer records tiny changes ...
What is tendon tear?
tendon tears or tendinitis of the rotator cuff in the shoulder, Achilles tendon in the ankle and many other tendons throughout the body . muscle tears, masses or fluid collections. ligament sprains or tears. inflammation or fluid (effusions) within the bursae and joints. early changes of rheumatoid arthritis.
How to help a crying child with ultrasound?
To ensure a smooth experience, it often helps to explain the procedure to the child prior to the exam. Bring books, small toys, music, or games to help distract the child and make the time pass quickly. The exam room may have a television. Feel free to ask for your child's favorite channel.
What is the best practice to follow for upper limb examinations for patients on a stretcher or table?
A good practice to follow for upper limb examinations for patients on a stretcher or table is to always have shielding in place, especially the gonadal region.
What is the most effective practice for preventing unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient?
Close collimation is the most effective practice for preventing unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient.
Where do you collimate to the thumb?
Collimate closely to area of thumb (include entire 1st metacarpal extending to carpals).
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Why is radiographic positioning important?
Proper radiographic positioning is essential to high-quality radiographs. Find out why. Like a seasoned photographer in the Arctic Circle creating their shot, radiologic technologists know the importance of perspective. They use it to create the illusion of three dimensions on a flat surface. The human brain uses visual clues to immediately deduce ...
What is radiographic position?
The radiographic position allows the viewer to describe the radiograph with regards to the location of the anatomic structures in relation to each other. This is key, even in veterinary medicine.
What are the most common x-rays?
Chest x-rays are among the most commonly ordered procedures in medicine. They can show evidence of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), lung cancer, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and many other disorders.
Which projections enter the body through the front of the chest and leave through the back?
Anteroposterior (AP) projections enter the body through the front of the chest and leave through the back. Posteroanterior (PA) projections, logically, do the opposite. Projections going from side-to-side or diagonally are lateromedial and oblique, respectively.
What part of the body is evaluated?
The part of the body to be evaluated is placed between the x-ray tube and the receptor. Different tissues of the body absorb the x-ray to varying degrees depending on their consistency. This leaves a ‘shadow’ that is converted to an image.
Why is X-ray important?
However, the traditional X-ray remains an essential tool due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and widespread availability.
When to order a PA and lateral chest x-ray?
Physicians generally order PA and lateral chest x-rays when lung or heart disease is suspected. It can be invaluable to keep records of both of these in order to provide proper follow-up. PA projection on film appears as if the patient is facing you. Their right side will correspond to your left.
How does a radiograph help with diagnostic accuracy?
Diagnostic accuracy of radiographs generally refers to how well an exam can predict the presence ( or absence) of a disease or condition. The technologist plays a pivotal role in improving diagnostic accuracy by providing diagnostic images.[1] This requires a technologist to be aware of the various positions and techniques required to isolate and provide a clearer view of a body part being imaged. In addition to better viewing an anatomic part, different projections also help anatomize an abnormality or localize a foreign body.[2][3]
Where should the hand be when acquiring a radiograph?
Hand: When acquiring hand radiographs, the patient is typically seated at the end of the table with the elbow in flexion. The technologist should align the long axis of the hand, generally parallel to the image receptor. The hand should be in pronation with the digits slightly separated.
How to do a chest radiograph?
Chest: Patients are positioned for chest radiographs with an erect posture of the chest and a slightly extended chin. The hands are placed on the hips with the palms facing out, and the shoulders are rolled forward. The central ray is centered on the center of the lung fields, and it is important to ensure that there is no rotation of the thorax on frontal radiograph acquisition. As mentioned above, chest radiographs are obtained in the PA position with the front of the chest against the detector to minimize the magnification of the cardiac silhouette. The lateral chest radiograph requires the left side to be positioned against the image receptor, thereby minimizing cardiac magnification. The arms are raised and crossed above the head. The chin extended, and the thorax is without rotation or tilt. The thorax is centered on the central ray and to the image receptor anteriorly and posteriorly. For a lateral decubitus chest radiograph, the patient lays on the side (either right or left) with the arms above the head and the chin up. The central ray is centered at the level of the T7 vertebra. Positioning for oblique radiographs requires rotation at approximately 45 degrees.
What is diagnostic accuracy?
Definition/Introduction. Imaging of the body is often complicated by the fact that anatomic structures overlap each other. Diagnostic accuracy of radiographs generally refers to how well an exam can predict the presence (or absence) of a disease or condition. The technologist plays a pivotal role in improving diagnostic accuracy by providing ...
What is upper airway radiograph?
Upper Airways:For upper airway radiographs evaluating the trachea and the larynx, the patient stands erect in a seated or standing position. The chin is raised slightly with the arms down and the shoulders depressed. For the AP position, it is important to ensure that there is no rotation and that the sternoclavicular joints have a symmetric appearance. On the lateral view, the field of view can be adjusted based on the area of interest.
How to describe the movement of joints?
Movement: Describing the movement of joints with respect to standard positions helps us communicate and describe a patient orientation. Flexion corresponds to a decrease in the joint angle, while extension describes an increase in the joint angle. Abduction refers to the movement of a limb away from the midline, while adduction corresponds to the movement of the limb towards the midline. Pronation corresponds to the movement of the hand and forearm that brings the palm and hand facing posteriorly. Supination corresponds to the movement of the hand or forearm to bring the palm facing anteriorly. Eversion used in the context of the foot describes the movement of the sole away from the median plane, while inversion refers to the movement of the sole towards the median plane.
Why is patient positioning important in musculoskeletal imaging?
Multiple projections assist in characterizing fractures, joint alignment, and other pathologies such as arthritis and tumors. Non-standard projections can potentially lead to missed diagnoses and associated morbidity. The importance of standard flexion and extension positioning is paramount, considering these positions can affect the appearance of standard anatomy on radiographs. The potential for ascribing a diagnosis in the setting of a normal study (i.e., a "false positive") is important to consider when anatomy appears altered due to non-standard positioning and projections. The technologist, therefore, has a crucial role in the delivery of standard techniques in image acquisition.
Why do we need X-rays?
Standard X-rays are done for many reasons, including diagnosing tumors, infections, foreign bodies, or bone injuries. X-rays are made by using external radiation to produce images of the extremity for diagnostic purposes.
Why do doctors need X-rays?
X-rays may also be used to see bone growth and development in children. Your healthcare provider may request X-rays of joints to check for abnormalities of the joint such as bone spurs, narrowing of the joint, and changes in the structure of the joint. There may be other reasons for your healthcare provider to recommend an X-ray ...
How are X-rays made?
X-rays are made by using external radiation to produce images of the extremity for diagnostic purposes. X-rays pass through body structures onto specially treated plates (similar to camera film). It makes a "negative" type picture (the more solid a structure is, the whiter it appears on the film). Instead of film, X-rays may also be made by using ...
What is removed during X-ray?
Generally, an X-ray procedure of the extremities follows this process: You will be asked to remove any clothing, jewelry, hairpins, eyeglasses, hearing aids, or other metal objects that might interfere with the procedure.
What makes X-rays appear white?
A bone or a tumor, which is denser than the soft tissues, allows few of the X-rays to pass through and appears white on the X-ray. At a break in a bone, the X-ray beam passes through ...
What are the parts of the body that are affected by X-rays?
The soft tissues in the body (such as blood, skin, fat , and muscle) allow most of the X-ray to pass through and appear dark gray on the film. A bone or a tumor, which is denser than the soft tissues, allows few of the X-rays to pass through and appears white on the X-ray. At a break in a bone, the X-ray beam passes through the broken area and appears as a dark line in the white bone.
What are the conditions that can be seen on an X-ray?
X-rays can also show evidence of other injuries or conditions, such as infection, arthritis, tendinitis, bone spurs, foreign bodies, tumors, or birth defects.