What happens if the control group differs from the treatment group?
If your control group differs from the treatment group in ways that you haven’t accounted for, your results may reflect the interference of confounding variables instead of your independent variable.
What makes for effective group therapy?
Excellent listening skills are the keystone of any effective therapy. An environment with small, infrequent changes is helpful to clients living in the emotionally turbulent world of recovery. Group facilitators can emphasize the reality of constancy and security through a variety of specific behaviors.
How can therapists help group members identify subgroups?
One key role for the therapist in such cases is to make covert alliances overt. The therapist can involve the group in identifying subgroups by saying, “I notice Jill and Mike are finding they have a good deal in common. Who else is in Jill and Mike's subgroup?”
Why do clients play different roles in group therapy?
One client may take on a scapegoat role and then blame the group. Playing different roles and examining their dynamics can provide a corrective emotional and interpersonal experience for the group.
Why would it be important to have variations of traits?
Genetic variation is necessary in natural selection. In natural selection, organisms with environmentally selected traits are better able to adapt to the environment and pass on their genes. Major causes of variation include mutations, gene flow, and sexual reproduction.
Why is heritable variation important?
Genetic variation in a group of organisms enables some organisms to survive better than others in the environment in which they live. Organisms of even a small population can differ strikingly in terms of how well suited they are for life in a certain environment.
Why is heritability important?
Heritability is the single most important consideration in determining appropriate animal evaluation methods, selection methods and mating systems. Heritability measures the relative importance of hereditary and environmental influences on the development of a specific quantitative trait.
How does a gene affect the traits of a human?
Genes are instructions that dictate how a person's body is made, in the same way that blueprints are instructions to build a house. Information from genes let the body know what characteristics a person will have, like if they will have hairy or hairless ears and/or a small or big chin.
Why is heritability of traits important for evolution?
This affects the rate of evolution and can be used to predict the evolutionary trajectory of a population. Higher heritability means the trait evolves faster; fewer generations are required for the trait to increase to the same degree as a trait with lower heritability.
Why is genetic variation important select all that apply?
Genetic variation is an important force in evolution as it allows natural selection to increase or decrease frequency of alleles already in the population.
What is heritable trait variation?
The heritable variation is defined as the variance of the breeding values among individuals, σ A 2 , which is known as the additive genetic variance. (Note that additive genetic variance excludes transient effects transmitted to offspring, such as additive-by-additive epistatic effects).
Why is heritability important for a successful breeding program?
Heritability is important because without genetic variation there can be no genetic change in the population. Alternatively, if heritability is high, genetic change can be quite rapid, and simple means of selection are all that is needed.
How would information about the heritability of traits help you make decisions about animal management?
How would information about the heritability of traits help you make decisions about animal management? Producers often choose to improve performance through management for lowly heritable traits because they are economically important, such as fertility.
Why Do traits matter?
The Evidence: Traits Do Matter. The evidence shows that traits do matter. Six traits on which leaders differ from non-leaders include: drive, the desire to lead, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business.
What would it mean if a trait develops from both genetic and environmental effects?
PhenotypePhenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual organism, determined by both genetic make-up and environmental influences, for example, height, weight and skin colour.
How do genes determine an individual's traits?
Each of your parents has two copies of each of their genes, and each parent passes along just one copy to make up the genes you have. Genes that are passed on to you determine many of your traits, such as your hair color and skin color.
Why is group therapy so hard?
Group therapy is hard work because it demands that its members collectively build an environment where everyone can get help. The more diversity there is in the group, the more challenging (and rewarding) this task becomes. Imagine signing on to work with a personal trainer.
Why are diverse groups important in therapy?
While the therapist is a key contributor to the growth of the group, diverse groups provide opportunities to grow from the experiences and contributions of everyone.
Is a human a file cabinet?
Human beings are not file cabinets with individual, discrete sets of doors within which lie select portions of our selves. In a diverse therapy group, the topic won’t be limited to one or a few compartments of life. 3.
What is the right to protection from violence?
Everybody has the right to protection from all forms of violence caused by reason of their race, colour, language, sex, religion, political, national or social origin, property, birth or another status.
What is human rights?
Humans rights is the belief that everybody should be treated equally and with dignity no matter what their circumstances; which means nobody should be tortured or treated in an inhuman or degrading way. What is special about human is our humanity. As humans we can think and articulate thoughts, we also have a sense of right ...
When group participation is mandated, should clients be informed?
Even when group participation is mandated, clients should be informed clearly of the options open to them. For example, the client deserves the option to discuss with program administrators any forms of treatment or leadership style that the client believes to be inappropriate. In such an instance, issues of cultural competence should be kept in mind, because what is appropriate for an individual or a group is by no means universal.
What is the role of a leader in treating substance abuse?
In working with people who have substance use disorders, an effective leader uses the same skills, qualities, styles, and approaches needed in any kind of therapeutic group. The adjustments needed to treat substance abuse are simply that—adjustments within the bounds of good practice.
Why is cotherapy important?
Cotherapy is an effective way to blend the diverse skills, resources, and therapeutic perspectives that two therapists can bring to a group. In addition, cotherapy is beneficial because, if properly carried out, it can provide. Cotherapy, also called coleadership, is extremely powerful when carried out skillfully.
What is confrontation therapy?
Confrontation is one form of intervention. In the past, therapists have used confrontation aggressively to challenge clients’ defenses of their substance abuse and related untoward behaviors. In recent years, however, clinicians have come to recognize that when “confrontation” is equivalent to “attack,” it can have an adverse effect on the therapeutic alliance and process, ultimately leading to failure. Trying to force the client to share the clinician’s view of a situation accomplishes no therapeutic purpose and can get in the way of the work.
Why is client motivation important?
Client motivation is a vital factor in the success of treatment for substance use disorders. Motivation‐boosting techniques have been shown to increase both treatment participation and outcomes ( Chappel 1994; Easton et al. 2000; Foote et al. 1999 ). Motivation generally improves when
How does a firm sense of their own identity help a leader?
A firm sense of their own identities, together with clear reflection on experiences in group, enables leaders to understand and manage their own emotional lives. For example, therapists who are aware of their own capacities and tendencies can recognize their own defenses as they come into play in the group. They might need to ask questions such as: “Am I cutting off discussions that could lead to verbal expression of anger because I am uncomfortable with anger? Have I blamed clients for the group’s failure to make progress?”
What should a leader recognize?
The leader should recognize that group members have a high level of vulnerability and are in need of support, particularly in the early stage of treatment. A discussion of other essential characteristics for a group leader follows.
What is the purpose of Study 1A?
Study 1a provided initial evidence supporting a model of intragroup relations that includes both distinctive and fair treatment as vital sources of information from the group. Study 1b extended this by testing the roles of distinctive and fair treatment longitudinally.
What is Study 1A?
Study 1a tested whether distinctive and fair treatment in the workplace play differentiated roles in predicting individuals’ perceived standing and belonging. We also tested whether experiencing distinctive treatment explained individuals’ intragroup standing over and above several other potential indicators.
What is distinctive treatment?
Distinctive treatment represents a collection of behaviors and other (non)verbal expressions coming from group members that signal to an individual that they possess, or have the potential to develop, particular qualities that are important to the group. Such treatment includes instances when other group members call upon an individual to provide ideas or some form of guidance that helps the group or its members, particularly when it requires the individual to employ a particular skill or base of knowledge. For example, in work organizations, distinctive treatment is reflected in instances when employees call upon another for guidance on how to troubleshoot a certain type of problem. Other examples include when a member of a religious group seeks advice from another member on how to resolve a moral dilemma, or when a nurse asks another nurse for guidance on handling a difficult situation (e.g., reaching out to a fellow nurse who is particularly adept at ‘difficult [intravenous] sticks,’ or another nurse who is adept at troubleshooting complicated sets of presenting symptoms, or another who is known for quickly developing rapport with flustered patients). We posit that when others call upon an individual to provide this type of group-relevant guidance, it conveys a message to the individual that they possess qualities that are valued by the group, ultimately implying that they hold a distinct level of admiration or standing in the eyes of other group members. These messages in turn guide the individual’s own (reflected, internalized) appraisal of their intragroup standing.
What does fair treatment convey?
Fair treatment conveys belonging. To discern whether fair treatment does more to shape individuals’ sense of belonging or their standing in groups, it is important to consider that past theorizing has generally regarded fair treatment as a basic right or entitlement due to all group members [ 7] (also [ 13, 14 ]).
How did studies 4–6 build on studies 1–3?
Studies 4–6 built on Studies 1–3 in two key ways. First, they tested the downstream implications of distinctive and fair treatment for individuals’ mental health (anxiety, depression). Fig 1 outlines these processes (Panel B). Past work provides causal evidence for many of these downstream processes [ 3, 27 ], which Studies 4–6 built on by explicating their antecedents ( Fig 1, Panel A)–antecedent processes that were themselves tested experimentally and longitudinally in Studies 1–3. Thus, Studies 4–6 extended past theory on social identity and health by examining its antecedents (fair and distinctive treatment) and, therein, illustrating the broader implications of such treatment for individuals’ mental health.
What is Dr. Waehner's research?
1. Dr. Waehner is studying the relationship between sensation seeking behaviors and personality traits in college females. He finds that there is a relationship between these two variables, and that the relationship is significant.
How to find the average of arithmetic scores?
1) divide 1 by the square root of the sample size. 2) add all of the scores together and divide by the sample size. 3) determine the score that appeared with the greatest frequency in the data set. 4) determine each data point's distance from the arithmetic mean ,and take the average of those scores.
Why was Blake selected for a study on music preference and happiness?
1. Blake is selected for a study on music preference and happiness. He thinks the experimenter's hypothesis is that people who listen to classical music are happier. As a result, Blake reports listening to classical music more often than he really does , as well as inflated scores on self-reported happiness.
How to determine harm?
1) can be determined by examining the pertinent legal documents. 2) must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution. 3) depends on whether or not any experimentation is involved. 4) depends on the researcher's definition of harm. 2.
What is informed consent?
1. Informed consent to serve as a subject in research requires signing a document that states: Question 3 options: 1) the purpose of the study. 2) that the subject may end participation at any time. 3) the probable risks involved.
Why are observations important?
3) Observations provide everyone the chance to engage in science and form impressions.
When an individual pretends to be a participant in a study when really they are helping the researcher?
1. Imagine that you are part of a study that measures your heart rate and breathing throughout the day. For the most part, your heart rate and breathing only changes when you exercise or are very excited.
Control Groups in Experiments
- Control groups are essential to experimental design. When researchers are interested in the impact of a new treatment, they randomly divide their study participants into at least two groups: 1. The treatment group (also called the experimental group) receives the treatment whose effect the researcher is interested in. 2. The control groupreceives e...
Control Groups in Non-Experimental Research
- Although control groups are more common in experimental research, they can be used in other types of research too. Researchers generally rely on non-experimental control groups in two cases: quasi-experimental or matching design.
Importance of Control Groups
- Control groups help ensure the internal validityof your research. You might see a difference over time in your dependent variable in your treatment group. However, without a control group, it is difficult to know whether the change has arisen from the treatment. It is possible that the change is due to some other variables. If you use a control group that is identical in every other way to t…