who of the following are morel ikely to benefit from chivalrous treatment by the police

What do we know about moral injury and values in PSP?

The current scoping review explored moral injury, values, moral dilemmas, and moral decision-making as regularly faced by firefighters, paramedics, and police officers and identified a limited number of studies on the topic. Most notably, no research articles exploring moral injury in PSP were identified.

Can police use of force increase moral complexity?

Policing is one of the few circumstances, next to military work, where use of force is a necessary and accepted tool that increases moral complexity. In the course of their duties police officers may be required to use force and act outside of their normal tendencies (Brown et al., 2016).

How can we reduce moral distress and psychological injury?

Having a sense of control (discretion and agency) and preparedness (training) along with understanding one’s values can decrease the potential of psychological injury and moral injury but may not decrease moral distress (Papazoglou and Chopko, 2017).

Which ethnicities think police treatment is equal?

That sentiment was strongest among majorities of multi-ethnic Asian-Americans and those of Korean or Indo-Caribbean descent. At 32 percent, Cambodian-Americans and Vietnamese-Americans, however, showed the highest levels of responses saying that police treatment is equal.

What is chivalry criminal justice?

The chivalry hypothesis posits that female criminals receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system and in news coverage of their crimes than their male counterparts.

Does gender affect criminal sentencing?

Specifically, we find that the effect of gender on sentencing does vary by crime type, but not in a consistent or predicted fashion. For both property and drug offending, females are less likely to be sentenced to prison and also receive shorter sentences if they are sentenced to prison.

Which of the following are the most important factors impacting pretrial charging decisions quizlet?

Crime seriousness and criminal history are the most important factors impacting pretrial charging decisions.

Which is are reasons for the attractiveness of community?

Attractiveness of community sentences include: They are less costly than a sentence to jail or prison. They help the offender maintain family and community ties. They can be structured to maximize security and maintain public safety.

What are the differences between male and female offenders?

Males are naturally more physically and emotionally aggressive and thus commit more aggressive crimes than females. According to a recent report about gender and crime, men commit more crimes than females overall. “Females have lower arrest rates than males for virtually all crime categories except prostitution”.

How does gender affect the criminal justice system?

Gender-based discrimination in the criminal justice system creates significant obstacles to achieve access to justice for all. This problem disproportionately affects women, who face still face significant barriers in accessing justice, whether they are victims, witnesses, alleged offenders or prisoners.

Who of the following do most scholars agree was the first sworn female police officer in the US?

Alice Stebbins WellsAlice S. WellsPolice careerCountryUnited StatesDepartmentLos Angeles Police DepartmentService years1910–19406 more rows

What is the most common form of community supervision?

The most common form of community supervision is probation. Nearly 3% of the total adult population in the United States is under some form of correctional supervision. Until the 1990s, determinate sentencing was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States.

Which state has the largest number of female prisoners?

The rate at which women are incarcerated varies greatly from state to state. At the national level, 47 out of every 100,000 women were in prison in 2020. The state with the highest rate of female imprisonment is Idaho (110) and the state with the lowest incarceration rate of women is Massachusetts (6).

What type of policing models is most effective in terms of preventing a commission of a crime?

Both problem-oriented and pulling levers policing (or focused deterrence) are likely to produce the best results in terms of crime prevention and reduction.

What is community justice and what are its central characteristics?

Community justice programs are collaborative processes that engage those harmed by crime and deliver justice by addressing the unique needs of each party affected by a crime. They give a voice to victims, communities, and offenders, providing understanding and encouraging the healing process.

What is the concept of community justice?

"Community justice" broadly refers to all variants of crime prevention and justice activities that explicitly include the community in their processes and set the enhancement of community quality of life as a goal; this chapter discusses the assumptions, aims, and difficulties of community justice.

Why do we need PSP?

PSP are often required to make quick decisions and act urgently to protect both the public and themselves; accordingly, PSP work in professions that intrinsically involve a moral endeavor focused on an ethic of care (Papazoglou, 2013; Qashu Lim, 2017).

Who coined the term "moral distress"?

The term “moral distress” was first coined by the nurse-philosopher, Jameton, (Jameton, 1984) and was defined as the negative experience “when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action” (p. 6).

What is public safety?

Public Safety Personnel (e.g., firefighters, paramedics, and police officers) are routinely exposed to human suffering and need to make quick, morally challenging decisions. Such decisions can affect their psychological wellbeing.

Who was the NYPD officer who shot Akai Gurley?

Protesters attend a rally in Brooklyn, N.Y., in 2016, in support of former NYPD Officer Peter Liang, who was convicted of manslaughter and official misconduct for the shooting death of Akai Gurley in a housing development stairwell.

Do Asian Americans think racial groups are treated equally?

Overall, half of the Asian-American voters who participated said they did not think that racial and ethnic groups are treated equally, according to poll results. That sentiment was strongest among majorities of multi-ethnic Asian-Americans and those of Korean or Indo-Caribbean descent.

Why do older children feel guilty?

Older children and teens may feel guilty for not preventing injury or deaths. They also may have thoughts of revenge. For more information, see the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) brochure, Helping Children and Adolescents Cope With Disasters and Other Traumatic Events.

How to help yourself with a syphilis?

Here are some things you can do to help yourself: Talk with your health care provider about treatment options, and follow your treatment plan. Engage in exercise, mindfulness, or other activities that help reduce stress. Try to maintain routines for meals, exercise, and sleep.

What did Adler say about crime?

Her book suggested that higher crime rates by men were a result of opportunity rather than any inherent biological, psychological, or cultural differences attributed to sex or gender.

Who predicted a rise in women and white collar crime?

Despite the backlash and critiques of the liberation hypothesis and the mistaken takeaway that women would adopt masculine qualities in the workplace, Adler ’s work inspired future generations of feminist scholars. Adler was one of the first academics to predict a rise in women and white-collar crime. Lombroso, Cesare, and William Ferrero. 1915.

What did Pollak's book say about women?

Like Lombroso, Pollak’s book relied on stereotypes that labeled women who commit offenses as deceitful and vengeful operating in secret or “masked” criminality. Pollak noted that time periods before, during, and following menstruation resulted in increased patterns of criminality.

What was Adler's liberation hypothesis?

Adler’s work was published during the tumultuous period when American women were fighting for equal rights and often is referred to as the liberation hypothesis. In other words, when women reached equality with men the amount of crime for the former would increase according to opportunity.

What is the lack of opportunity in male dominated corporate and professional realms?

The lack of opportunity in male dominated corporate and professional realms resulted in few women who participated in , for example, insider trading, Ponzi schemes, or price-fixing. A few female scholars, however, recognized that the issue was not about gender and the ability to commit white-collar crime, but instead depended on opportunity.

What were the crimes women committed?

As a consequence of their status as wives, mothers, and homemakers the crimes women committed were related to prostitution, shoplifting, welfare fraud, and embezzlement. Women had few opportunities to commit corporate or occupational white-collar crime.

Who wrote the book The Female Offender?

Lombroso, Cesare , and William Ferrero. 1915. The female offender. New York: D. Appleton. Lombroso and Ferrero’s book on women who commit offenses set the stage for several generations of stereotypes about women who committed crime. These women were described as lacking moral refinement and biologically more masculine.

How did Leopold sanction the creation of child colonies?

Leopold sanctioned the creation of "child colonies" in which orphaned Congolese would be kidnapped and sent to schools operated by Catholic Missionaries in which they would learn to work or be soldiers; these were the only schools funded by the state. More than 50% of the children sent to the schools died of disease, and thousands more died in the forced marches into the colonies. In one such march 108 boys were sent over to a mission school and only 62 survived, eight of whom died a week later.

Who enforced the rubber law?

Much of the enforcement of rubber production was the responsibility of the Force Publique, the colonial military. The Force had originally been established in 1885, with white officers and NCOs and black soldiers, and recruited from as far afield as Zanzibar, Nigeria, and Liberia.

What did King Philippe regret?

In 2020 King Philippe expressed his regret to the Government of Congo for "acts of violence and cruelty" inflicted during the rule of the Congo Free State, though he did not explicitly mention Leopold's role and some activists accused him of not making a full apology.

Who called for the recognition of the Congo Free State's atrocities as a "colonial genocide

In 2005, an early day motion before the British House of Commons, introduced by Andrew Dismore, called for the recognition of the Congo Free State's atrocities as a "colonial genocide" and called on the Belgian government to issue a formal apology. It was supported by 48 MPs.

What are some policies that seem to reduce rates of gun violence?

Policies that seem to reduce rates of gun violence include stricter background checks, limiting access to dangerous weapons, and prohibiting domestic abusers from owning weapons. On Sunday, a gunman opened fire at a Madden NFL video game tournament in Jacksonville, Florida.

What is the role of caliber in shootings?

They found that weapon caliber — which refers to the diameter of the firearm barrel and is an indication of the diameter of the bullet — played a big role in how fatal shootings were. Caliber didn't affect where on the body people got shot. But people who were shot with larger bullets were more likely to die.

Is mental health treatment responsible for school shootings?

However, mental-health treatment is unlikely to be solely responsible, as people with mental illness are more likely to be a victim of violence than a perpetrator.