Who invented the knee bend exercise?
Some have credited Jahn’s system with the inclusion of a knee bend exercise (1), but this is rather difficult to substantiate. A more plausible story revolves around Phokion Heinrich Clias, who briefly trained British military troops in the 1820s.
How do doctors treat bends in the body?
The bends are treated in a hyperbaric recompression chamber. The doctor will first treat immediate life threats, such as breathing problems or shock, if present. The diver will need high-flow oxygen and IV fluids. Blood and urine will be sent for laboratory tests to assess any blood clotting problems and hydration status.
How long has the pearling industry been treating the bends?
"Pearling industry marks 100 years of treating the bends". ABC News. ^ Scott, David (1931). Seventy fathoms deep with the divers of the salvage ship Artiglio.
What is the prognosis of people who develop the bends?
Prognosis or outlook of people who develop the bends varies with the following factors: Prognosis is good with hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Delay to hyperbaric oxygen treatment: Although reports show that divers can do well after days of symptoms, delay in definitive treatment may cause damage that is irreversible.
How did they discover the bends?
Scientists discovered that tiny bubbles of nitrogen caused the 'caisson disease' or 'the bends. ' Bubbles come out of solution in workers' blood as they decompress from the pressurized air in the caisson to the surface. You can see this for yourself the next time you open a bottle of soda.
Is there a cure for the bends?
If DCS is suspected, it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber. Diagnosis is confirmed by a positive response to the treatment. Early treatment results in a significantly higher chance of successful recovery.
What is the first aid treatment for decompression sickness?
Immediate emergency treatment includes fluid therapy, administration of 100% oxygen, and positioning in the left lateral decubitus (Durant's maneuver) and mild Trendelenburg position. Hyperbaric chambers may be freestanding or associated with a local hospital.
Who developed Nitrox diving techniques?
In the late 1970s J. Morgan Wells, then the director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) diving program, proposed procedures for diving with oxygen-enriched air and creating a breathing gas mix known as NOAA Nitrox 1, or NN32, named for the percentage of oxygen in the mix.
What happens if you fart while scuba diving?
Can SCUBA divers fart at depths. Farting is possible while scuba diving but not advisable because: Diving wetsuits are very expensive and the explosive force of an underwater fart will rip a hole in your wetsuit. An underwater fart will shoot you up to the surface like a missile which can cause decompression sickness.
How do whales not get the bends?
"The only stressor known to cause this kind of bone damage is the bends," he says. This implies that the whales stave off the effects of the bends not through some in-built physiological mechanism, but rather by carefully managing their diving patterns much as scuba-divers do.
Why dont marine animals get Dolphins decompression sickness?
When dolphins dive deep below the water's surface, they avoid succumbing to decompression sickness, or "the bends," likely because the massive sea creatures have collapsible lungs, a new study finds. These lungs allow dolphins to inhale and exhale two to three times quicker than humans.
Is water 400 times denser than air?
1: Water is 400 times denser than air. 2: Water is 800 times denser than air. 3: Sound travels about four times faster underwater.
What is the Benz when diving?
The bends, also known as decompression sickness (DCS) or Caisson disease, occurs in scuba divers or high altitude or aerospace events when dissolved gases (mainly nitrogen) come out of solution in bubbles and can affect just about any body area including joints, lung, heart, skin and brain.
Does scuba diving shorten your life?
Ingrid Eftedal, Ph. D.: Diving is associated with environmental factors that affect the cardiovascular system, and as long as the total amount of physiological stress is limited and the diver is reasonably fit, no data indicate that diving is harmful to the cardiovascular system.
How deep can you dive with 32 nitrox?
121 feetHowever, when diving on nitrox, the potential for oxygen toxicity lurks well within the depth range of recreational diving: the maximum depth on 32 percent nitrox is 121 feet; on 36 percent nitrox, it's just over 100 feet.
Can you breathe pure oxygen?
Pure oxygen can be deadly. Our blood has evolved to capture the oxygen we breathe in and bind it safely to the transport molecule called haemoglobin. If you breathe air with a much higher than normal O2 concentration, the oxygen in the lungs overwhelms the blood's ability to carry it away.
What Is the Bends (From Diving)?
The bends, or decompression sickness, occurs when a scuba diver surfaces too fast.
What Causes the Bends?
Nitrogen or any gas from a diver's air tank increases in pressure as a diver descends. For every 33 feet in ocean water, the pressure due to nitrogen goes up another 11.6 pounds per square inch. As the pressure due to nitrogen increases, more nitrogen dissolves into the tissues. The longer a diver remains at depth, the more nitrogen dissolves.
Symptoms of the Bends
The nervous and musculoskeletal system are most often affected. If divers are going to develop symptoms, they will show within 48 hours in all cases. Most have symptoms within 6 hours, while some develop them within the first hour of surfacing from a dive.
When to Seek Medical Care
Anyone reporting signs or symptoms of decompression illness that began within 48 hours of scuba diving should be seen by a doctor at an emergency care facility immediately.
The Bends Self-Care at Home
Rescue the diver from the water and provide emergency care within the limits of your training.
The Bends Follow-Up
Follow up immediately for any further signs or symptoms of decompression illness within the next 7 days. After suffering decompression sickness, individuals should not dive again until cleared by a doctor.
The Bends Prevention
Decompression illness or the bends and other types of barotrauma (decompression sickness) may be prevented by following guidelines for diving taught in professional diving courses.
How long has straw been around?
After 7,000 years of "drinking tubes" across many civilizations, two men reinvented the straw in the last 150 years. The first made it modern. The second made it bend. Image from the Smithsonian's Lemelson Center: An ur-sketch of the bendy straw. Date not known.
What was getting in his drink?
More particularly, something was getting in his drink. It was an unwelcome reedy residue. It was his straw. His straw was shedding. This was the 1880s, when gentlemen sipped their whiskey through long tubes made of natural rye that lent a grassy flavor to whatever drink they plopped in. For many centuries, it was not uncommon for a sot ...
What were the virtues of rye grass straw?
In the 1800s, when the rye grass straw came into vogue, its virtues -- cheapness and softness -- were also its vices, as it had a tendency to come apart in liquid. There have been two major straw innovations in the last 150 years. First, Stone made the straw dependable. Second, someone else made the straw bendable.
What was the first straw?
In the same tomb, archeologists also found history's first known straw -- a tube made from gold and the precious blue stone lapis lazuli. It's unlikely that Sumerians created the ur-straw all by themselves. The metal straw Argentinians use to drink mate (sometimes called a bombilla) is known be centuries old, at least.
Where did straws come from?
Historians don't know what civilization first came up with the idea of sticking tubes into cups and slurpling, but the earliest evidence of straws comes from a seal found in a Sumerian tomb dated 3,000 B.C. It shows two men using what appear to be straws taking beer from a jar.
Is the drinking tube old?
The drinking tube is practically as old as history. But only in the last century-and-a-half did two tweaks lead us to the simple stick of bendy plastic you unwrap every time you grab a seat at a diner. The smallest features of modern life are stealth inventions. Their ingenuity is quiet.
Who is Derek Thompson?
Submit a letter to the editor or write to [email protected]. Derek Thompson is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he writes about economics, technology, and the media. He is the author of Hit Makers and the host of the podcast Crazy/Genius . Connect Twitter.
What is the Haldanean model?
Haldanean (perfusion limited, dissolved phase) models. Early decompression theory generally assumed that inert gas bubble formation in the tissues could be avoided during decompression, and the aim of the decompression tables and algorithms was to prevent bubble formation while minimising decompression time.
What is the Haldane table?
The Haldane tables of 1906 are considered to be the first true set of decompression tables, and the basic concept of parallel tissue compartments with half-times and critical supersaturation limits are still in use in several later decompression models, algorithms, tables and decompression computers.
How did the diver breathe heliox?
The diver breathed heliox in the water and in the bell, air after transfer into the deck decompression chamber, and finally oxygen on built in breathing system (BIB S) from 12 m to the surface. These tables produced a relatively high incidence of decompression sickness.
Why was John Scott Haldane commissioned?
John Scott Haldane was commissioned by the Royal Navy to develop a safe decompression procedure. The current method was a slow linear decompression, and Haldane was concerned that this was ineffective due to additional nitrogen buildup in the slow early stages of the ascent.
When were decompression tables invented?
The first decompression tables produced for the U.S. Navy were developed by the Bureau of Construction and Repair in 1915 and were consequently known as the C&R tables. They were derived from a Haldanean model, with oxygen decompression to depths up to 300 ft on air, and were successfully used to depths of slightly over 300 ft
What is the immediate goal of controlled decompression?
The immediate goal of controlled decompression is to avoid development of symptoms of bubble formation in the tissues of the diver, and the long-term goal is to also avoid complications due to sub-clinical decompression injury.
Which paper suggested that decompression by conventional models results in bubble formation?
LeMessurier and Hills published a paper in 1965 on A thermodynamic approach arising from a study on Torres Strait diving techniques which suggests that decompression by conventional models results in bubble formation which is then eliminated by re-dissolving at the decompression stops, which is slower than elimination while still in solution, thus indicating the importance of minimising bubble phase for efficient gas elimination.
What does Behring believe about the immune system?
As a supporter of the humoral theory of immune response, Behring believed in the long-term protective action of these antitoxins found in serum. It is well-established knowledge today that active vaccination stimulates the antitoxin (antibody) producing cells to full function.
What was the 50th anniversary of the discovery of serum therapy?
On December 4, 1940 , the Philipps University Marburg celebrated the 50th anniversary of the original publication of Emil von Behring’s decisive discovery of serum therapy. Top leaders of the National Socialist Party, the rectors of numerous German universities, representatives of the Behringwerke and many scientists and friends of Emil von Behring from abroad were also present. The celebration, which continued over a few days, began with lectures and addresses by officials, both of the state and party. Finally, a foundation certificate for a new Institute for Experimental Therapy was handed over. The professors then moved from the university auditorium ( Aula ), to unveal a new Behring Memorial close to the St. Elisabeth Church. The celebration was followed by a two-day scientific meeting, presenting the state of the art of immunology and the fight against infectious diseases.
How did Behring treat tuberculosis?
Therefore, he concentrated on working on a preventive vaccination, which, however, required precise knowledge of the mechanism of infection. In Behring’s view, the tubercle bacillus was transmitted to children through the milk of a mother or a cow infected with tuberculosis. He then started treating milk with formaldehyde, so as to eliminate this source of infection. This procedure was not accepted due to the bad smell of the milk. Moreover, the transmission of tubercle bacilli through the respiratory tract was proven to be more likely than through the digestive system, as had been claimed by Behring.
When was the first diphtheria treatment?
The first successful therapeutic serum treatment of a child suffering from diphtheria occurred in 1891. Until then more than 50,000 children in Germany died yearly of diphtheria. During the first few years, there was no successful breakthrough for this form of therapy, as the antitoxins were not sufficiently concentrated. Not until the development of enrichment by the bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) along with a precise quantification and standardization protocol, was an exact determination of quality of the antitoxins presented and successfully developed. Behring subsequently decided to draw up a contract with Ehrlich as the foundation of their future collaboration. They organized a laboratory under a railroad circle (Stadtbahnbogen) in Berlin, where they could then obtain the serum in large amounts by using large animals – first sheep and later horses.
What happened to Emil von Behring?
Wedding picture of Emil and Else von Behring. On March 31, 1917, Behring died and was entombed in a mausoleum at the Marburg Elsenhöhe. After Behring’s death, Else von Behring served as chairwoman of the Women’s National Organisation in Marburg, Germany. She died in 1936 of a heart attack at the age of only 59.
When did Behring start working with Hoechst?
In 1892 , Behring and the Hoechst chemical and pharmaceutical company at Frankfurt/Main, started working together, as they recognized the therapeutic potential of the diphtheria antitoxin. From 1894, the production and marketing of the therapeutic serum began at Hoechst.
Where did Behring live?
In 1898, after having become professor at the University in Marburg (then part of Prussia), Behring moved with his family into a house in Wilhelm-Roser-Strasse in Marburg, where his six sons were born. Behring was a family man, though rather patriarchal, which at that time was quite normal.
When did Milo Barbell start selling?
When the Milo Barbell company began selling barbells to the American public in the early 1900s , they too advocated this method. Contrary to Sandow’s advice, they recommended using a barbell across the back and not a dumbbell in each hand. The shift towards the modern back squat was beginning to make way.
What is the name of the yoga pose that squats?
First we can look towards the foundation of squat poses in yoga, known as Malasana. Or we can attempt to trace the rise of squatting for health purposes in predominantly Western medical texts.
What is physical culture?
While ‘physical culture’ as a phrase has largely left the Western vernacular, the interests of physical culture still permeate our lives. Originating in the late nineteenth-century, the physical culture movement can be understood as the forerunner to our modern interest in weightlifting, dieting and questionable health trends. Physical culturists such as Eugen Sandow and Bernarr MacFadden have been credited with initiating the first bodybuilding competitions whilst others like Herman Goerner or Louis Cyr have been cited as early powerlifters or professional strongmen.
When did squats start?
Previous accounts have traced the squat to the beginnings of the 1890s with the advent of physical culture. As we’ve seen, the reality is a little more complex. That withstanding, physical culturists brought squatting to a new level of interest.
When were back squats popular?
Popularised in the 1920s and 30s, back squats are one of the most varied, but nevertheless effective exercises available to trainees. Though this article weaved between tippy toe and flat footed back squats, trainees today can choose between narrow, regular and sumo stances.
Can you squat with a 2x4?
The only problem was that heavy back squats on your tippy toes are a recipe for disaster. To compensate, lifters from the 1970s onwards began to squat with either a 2 x 4 or plates underneath their heels.
When did the back squat become competitive?
In the 1960s, two new developments changed the course of the back squat for the following decades. Powerlifting as a formalised competitive sport came to be in 1964. With an outlet for heavy squatting, the road was paved for men to push the back squat to its zenith.
What did Cunningham believe about hyperbaric air?
Tragic and a sobering lesson, this did not deter Cunningham’s enthusiasm for hyperbaric air. He went on to treat diseases such as syphilis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cancer. He believed that anaerobic infections play a role in the etiology of all such diseases.
When did the UHMS start a committee on hyperbaric oxygen therapy?
And with concerns of the lack of scientific progress and regulation, the UHMS formed a Committee on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the late 1970s and systematically reviewed all the available scientific evidence for HBOT. They came up with a list of conditions for which HBOT was likely beneficial.
What was the name of the chamber that changed the atmospheric pressure?
In 1662, British clergyman named Henshaw, used a system of organ bellows to change the atmospheric pressure in a sealed chamber called a domicilium. This domicilium could create both hyperbaric and hypobaric environments.
Where was Boerema's chamber room built?
His results were so successful that a large operating hyperbaric chamber room was built at the University of Amsterdam where he would perform a number of complicated heart and lung operations. Boerema and his team were the first ever to treat Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene) with HBOT using an experimental pig.
What is the Undersea Medical Society?
The Undersea Medical Society, an organization made up largely of Navy and ex-Navy physicians, was founded in 1967 in the USA.
Where was the largest hyperbaric hotel built?
In 1928, Cunningham built the largest hyperbaric chamber in the world in Cleveland, Ohio. This “Hyperbaric Hotel” was a five story high steel sphere at 64 feet in diameter. Each floor of this massive hyperbaric sphere had 12 bedrooms with all the amenities of a good hotel.
How was the bell lowered into the water?
The bell would be lowered into the water by crane and had ballast to keep the bell properly oriented. Air was pumped into the bell by a hose to keep fresh air within while excess gases would leak out from under the lip of the bell. As the bell sank deeper more air was pumped inside to keep the occupants comfortable.
What is remote afterloading?
Remote afterloading has eliminated radiation exposure to personnel. The 21st century is witnessing a renaissance of brachytherapy 1. 1 The term 'brachytherapy' derives from the Greek word for 'short', brachy , referring to the distance between the therapeutic agent and the target lesion.
What were the Galenic principles?
The new and rapidly expanded sciences of physiology, microbiology, histology, and microscopic pathology had rendered the Galenic principles, the basis of western medicine for two millennia, untenable.
What were the first treatments for skin diseases?
Electricity and ultra-violet light were used as agents of treatment. Within months of its discovery (1895), x-rays were applied to skin disease. They were found to have the capacity to eradicate certain dermatologic infections, birth defects, and even malignancies.
When was radium discovered?
The discovery of radium (1898) , however, introduced a compact source of unvarying highly penetrating rays, suitable for external or internal application. Initially, radium-therapy was the province of dermatologists and surgeons.
What happened to Charles II?
Bloodletting has also been implicated in the death of Charles II, who was bled from the arm and neck after suffering a seizure in 1685. By the late 1800s new treatments and technologies had largely edged out bloodletting, and studies by prominent physicians began to discredit the practice.
What was bloodletting used for?
In medieval Europe, bloodletting became the standard treatment for various conditions, from plague and smallpox to epilepsy and gout.
What is the name of the tool used to nicked veins?
Practitioners typically nicked veins or arteries in the forearm or neck, sometimes using a special tool featuring a fixed blade and known as a fleam. In 1163 a church edict prohibited monks and priests, who often stood in as doctors, from performing bloodletting, stating that the church “abhorred” the procedure.
What services did barbers offer?
Partly in response to this injunction, barbers began offering a range of services that included bloodletting, cupping, tooth extractions, lancing and even amputations— along with, of course, trims and shaves.
What was the first line of treatment for migraines?
Several thousand years ago, whether you were an Egyptian with migraines or a feverish Greek, chances are your doctor would try one first-line treatment before all others: bloodletting. He or she would open a vein with a lancet or sharpened piece of wood, causing blood to flow out and into a waiting receptacle.
Why did Marie-Antoinette revive after the bloodletting?
Marie-Antoinette immediately revived after the bloodletting—perhaps because the windows were simultaneously opened to let in fresh air. America’s first president was less fortunate than France’s most infamous queen. On December 13, 1799, George Washington awoke with a bad sore throat and began to decline rapidly.
Where did bloodletting originate?
Considered one of medicine’s oldest practices, bloodletting is thought to have originated in ancient Egypt. It then spread to Greece, where physicians such as Erasistratus, who lived in the third century B.C., believed that all illnesses stemmed from an overabundance of blood, or plethora.