Full Answer
When was aerobics invented?
Invented in the 1960s by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, a physician at a Texas, United States hospital, it was initially designed as a form of physical exercise for the prevention of heart diseases.The History of Aerobics In the 1960’s, Dr. Kenneth Cooper, a physiologist searched for an effective and easy way of keeping healthy.
What is an aerobic treatment system?
These systems are commonly found in rural areas where public sewers are not available, and may be used for a single residence or for a small group of homes. Unlike the traditional septic system, the aerobic treatment system produces a high quality secondary effluent, which can be sterilized and used for surface irrigation.
What did Kenneth Cooper discover about aerobics?
Kenneth Cooper, a physiologist searched for an effective and easy way of keeping healthy. His hard work resulted in the various ways of flexing muscles and burning calories to maintain body fitness. He named his findings AEROBICS. Since he was an employee of the Air Force, Dr. Cooper’s discovery.
What is the evolution of step aerobics?
Aerobics Evolution. In the 1980s, Gin Miller developed step aerobics as a low-impact alternative to the dance fitness classes that were growing in popularity. Her classes exploded in popularity because she could accommodate people with lower levels of fitness and those with injuries.
Who invented the aerobic septic system?
Jean-Louis MourasStill, humans lived this way for hundreds of years until the mid-19th century. The invention of the septic tank is credited to a Frenchman named Jean-Louis Mouras around 1860.
When were aerobic septic systems invented?
18601860 (estimated) – John Mouras designs the first septic tank and builds a prototype using concrete.
What is an aerobic treatment septic system?
An aerobic treatment system (ATS), often called an aerobic septic system, is a small scale sewage treatment system similar to a septic tank system, but which uses an aerobic process for digestion rather than just the anaerobic process used in septic systems.
What is aerobic treatment process?
Aerobic treatment of wastewater is a biological process that uses oxygen to break down organic contaminants and other pollutants like nitrogen and phosphorous. Oxygen is continuously mixed into the wastewater or sewage by a mechanical aeration device, such as an air blower or compressor.
Who invented the sewer system?
The Ancient Romans first tackled sewage systems, but it took a cholera outbreak for 19th-century London to master them. Joseph Bazalgette (top right) stands near the Northern Outfall Sewer, the largest sewer in London, below the Abbey Mills Pumping Station.
Who invented cesspits?
The first septic tank is believed to have originated in France and is credited to Jean-louis Mouras. The British did try and take some credit by announcing the inventor as John but no, it was Jean. It is believed to have been invented around 1860 by accident (if he had been British it would have been on purpose).
How much does an aerobic septic system cost in Texas?
A residential aerobic system ranges from $6000-$8000 depending on the application. Commercial conventional or aerobic systems could range from $4000 to Fifteen Thousand plus.
Do aerobic septic systems smell?
A common myth is that aerobic systems smell. Well, some do, but they shouldn't! A smelly septic system is a sign of a problem, one that needs to be fixed sooner instead of later.
What are the disadvantages of an aerobic septic system?
Increased cost: An aerobic septic system can cost up to three times as much as a traditional septic tank. The cost varies by design and location, but they are almost always more expensive than a traditional system. Property owners must weigh this cost with potential conveniences, such as space-saving measures.
What is the average retention time in aerobic treatment system?
7. What is the average retention time in aerobic treatment system? Explanation: Average retention times in aerobic systems range from 20 minutes in biological filters to 24 hours in activated sludge plants.
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic treatment?
While both rely on a process of microbial decomposition to treat wastewater, the key difference between anaerobic and aerobic treatment is that aerobic systems require oxygen, while anaerobic systems do not. This is a function of the types of microbes used in each type of system.
What is the aerobic energy system?
The aerobic energy system refers to the combustion of carbohydrates and fats in the presence of oxygen. The anaerobic pathways are capable of regenerating ATP at high rates yet are limited by the amount of energy that can be released in a single bout of intense exercise.
What is HIIT workout?
Over time, these focused workouts have fused into each other and HIIT workouts developed, which are a combination of bodyweight movements, weightlifting and cardio exercises. The boutique fitness trend happening now emphasizes studios that offer just aerobics classes, rather than traditional gym memberships.
What did Cooper discover about aerobics?
Cooper went on to create a research laboratory where he studied his theory and found proof that aerobic exercise, such as bike riding and running, helps reduce the risk of disease. Armed with this knowledge, aerobics classes that organized exercise in groups began to appear to help people reap the benefits.
What was Gin Miller's idea for aerobics?
Aerobics Evolution. In the 1980s, Gin Miller developed step aerobics as a low-impact alternative to the dance fitness classes that were growing in popularity. Her classes exploded in popularity because she could accommodate people with lower levels of fitness and those with injuries. Advertisement.
Why do we need aerobics classes?
Aerobics classes help prevent health problems like heart disease. Image Credit: Jacob Ammentorp Lund/iStock/GettyImages. You know exercise is good for you, but it's easier than ever to be lazy because technology makes life much more convenient.
Why was Jane Fonda's video so popular?
The videos were very popular because they combined the entertaining and high-energy instruction of a group class with the convenience of an at-home workout.
When did jazzercise start?
From there, aerobics classes grew steadily with different fitness personalities offering their own take. Judi Shepherd Missett developed Jazzercise in the 1970s.
Who is Jacki Sorensen?
Dance Fitness. Jacki Sorensen is credited with taking Dr. Cooper's knowledge and synthesizing it into fun and effective aerobic workout routines. Sorensen started by teaching dance classes and slowly grew those classes into choreographed workout routines.
What is the BOD 5 test?
This “extra treatment” leads to the development of a robust population of nitrifying bacteria (nitrosomonas and nitrobacter), which are present in the treated effluent. Consequently, when samples of the treated effluent are placed in BOD bottles, nitrification of ammonia (including that introduced with the dilution water) takes place during the five-day BOD test. The result is that the BOD 5 test will include both CBOD from the treated wastewater and an amount of nitrogenous oxygen demand (NBOD) (about 4.6 mg of oxygen are required to oxidize 1 mg of ammonia). Experience shows that a treated effluent with a CBOD of less than 10 mg/L can exhibit a BOD 5 of more than 50 mg/L using the standard five-day BOD test. For this reason, an alternative test has been developed, in which nitrification inhibitors are added to the BOD bottle in the standard five-day BOD test. This test is referred to as the CBOD test. The EPA and, essentially, all state environmental agencies can authorize this test to be used instead of the standard BOD 5 test, on a case-by-case basis. In fact, some state agencies have authorized the CBOD test to be used at the analyst's option.
How does suspended growth work?
A typical suspended growth aerobic treatment system contains basins filled with effluent into which air is injected. Air injection causes oxygen to become dissolved in the effluent and mixes the contents of the tank. The mixing action brings the suspended microorganisms into contact with the organic matter (food) and dissolved oxygen (fuel). As there is plenty of food and dissolved oxygen, the microorganisms thrive and become very concentrated within the basin (Davis and Cornwell, 1991 ). Microbes complete their life cycle while suspended in the effluent. The microbes oxidize the organic matter into carbon dioxide, new microbes, and insoluble matter (residuals). After several hours of detention in the aeration basin, the effluent moves into a settling basin or clarifier. The clarifier provides a quiet environment that allows the concentrated biomass to settle out of the effluent. The clarified effluent then proceeds to the next phase of treatment. As biomass accumulates in the clarifier, it is periodically removed (either automatically or manually).
What is a trickling filter?
Trickling filters enable organic material in the wastewater to be absorbed by a population or microorganisms (aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative bacteria; fungi, protozoa, and algae) attached to the medium as a biological film or slime layer (ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 mm thick).
What is an MBR system?
MBRs are activated sludge components that use membrane filtration units to separate the biomass from the effluent (see Section 3.8.4.6 in Chapter 3.8 for details of MBRs). Unlike the suspended growth configurations previously mentioned (see Section 3.13.5.3.2.2.1), MBRs do not depend on gravity (settling) to separate the biomass and effluent. With membrane filtration, time and space required for biomass separation is less of a constraint. MBR systems can thus treat a greater volume of water and occupy less space than the conventional suspended growth systems. However, the increased treatment capacity is accompanied by an increased electrical cost because greater aeration capacity and pressurization is needed to operate an MBR at its full potential. To accomplish nitrogen and phosphorus removal, additional unit processes must be added to the MBR process.
What is a complete mix aerobic treatment system?
Typically, a complete-mix suspended growth aerobic treatment system is composed of a main treatment basin (aeration chamber) where the bacteria, organic matter, and effluent are mixed by the turbulence created by air injection. A second chamber (clarifier) provides quiescent conditions to allow the biomass to settle. The two chambers are typically connected at the bottom, which allows the treated effluent to pass to the clarifier, and settled biomass to flow back to the aeration chamber.
What is SBR treatment?
An SBR provides treatment using one chamber. As the name suggests, processes occur in a particular order to provide aeration and biomass separation. These include filling the chamber, aerating the effluent, allowing the biomass to settle, pulling out the clarified effluent (decanting), and then removing a portion of the biomass. This is a batch operation, which means that storage must be provided for the effluent that arrives while the sequential operations are in progress.
What happens to the microbes in the effluent?
Microbes complete their life cycle while suspended in the effluent. The microbes oxidize the organic matter into carbon dioxide, new microbes, and insoluble matter (residuals). After several hours of detention in the aeration basin, the effluent moves into a settling basin or clarifier.
When did aerobics start?
Springer New York, 2019. Also in the 1970s, with the inspiration of Jackie Sorenson, originator of aerobic dance, the term aerobics started being used to describe a new activity, rhythmic (aerobic) dancing. from Managing Stress: Principles and Strategies for Health and Wellbeing. by Brian Luke Seaward.
What does Kenneth Cooper say about aerobic exercise?
Cooper explains that aerobic exercise helps prevent disease.Aerobics, system of physical conditioning that increases the efficiency of the body’s intake of oxygen, thereby stimulating the cardiovascular system, developing endurance, and reducing body fat.
What was the fitness boom of the 1970s and 1980s?
Human Kinetics, 2013. The fitness boom of the 1970s and 1980s spurred millions of American women to take up jogging, aerobics, walking, weight training, bicycling, swimming, and a variety of team and individual sports in pursuit of better physical and mental health.
Who invented aerobics?
The term aerobics was first coined by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, an exercise physiologist based in the San Antonio Air Force Hospital, Texas. He developed a system of.Archibald Hill, a British physiologist, introduced the concepts of maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen debt in 1922. German physician Otto Meyerhof and Hill shared ...
Who is Kenneth Cooper?
Kenneth Cooper, a physiologist searched for an effective and easy way of keeping healthy. His hard work resulted in the various ways of flexing muscles and burning calories to maintain body fitness. He named his findings AEROBICS. Since he was an employee of the Air Force, Dr. Cooper’s discovery.
Who developed the Strength Project?
Video taken from the channel: Strength Project. Both the term and the specific exercise method were developed by Dr Kenneth H. Cooper, an exercise physiologist, and Col. Pauline Potts, a physical therapist, both of the United States Air Force.
Who developed the specific exercise method?
Both the term and the specific exercise method were developed by Dr Kenneth H. Cooper, an exercise physiologist, and Col. Pauline Potts, a physical... NOAH BRYANT – WEIGHTLIFTING, STRENGTH, & CONDITIONING.
What is a clarifier in Oklahoma?
In most systems used in Oklahoma, the Clarifier is a chamber built into the Aeration Tank. A final treatment and dispersal component where wastewater is disinfected and pumped for the ultimate dispersal of the effluent to the soil either by surface spray or subsurface drip irrigation.
What is a trash tank?
A Trash Tank where the effluent is primarily separated from the solids. An Aeration Tank where the wastewater is aerated (bubbled) with an air pump connected to diffusers submerged in the effluent. A Clarifier where undecomposed particulates and microbial masses are given time to settle in calm conditions.
How deep should drip lines be in Oklahoma?
For systems with subsurface drip irrigation, the drip lines should be buried eight to ten inches deep and installed according to manufacturer specification.
How to maintain a dispersal field?
Deeply-rooted shrubs and trees should not be allowed to grow within the dispersal field. Divert surface waters (runoff and water from gutters) away from the tanks and dispersal field. Keep heavy traffic like automobiles and heavy equipment off the dispersal field.
How long does an aerobic treatment system last in Oklahoma?
The installer of any aerobic treatment system in Oklahoma is required to maintain the system for a period of two years following the date of installation at no cost to the owner. During this mandatory two-year maintenance period, the installer shall be responsible for the following:
What is the function of an aeration tank?
The main function of the aeration tank is the removal of the organic matter and the reduction in activity of pathogenic microorganisms (microbes).
What is the purpose of a trash tank?
The main function of the trash tank is to separate the effluent from the solids that settle and from the oil and grease that float. This clarifies the effluent before it flows into the succeeding tank in the treatment train. Minimal treatment of contaminants occurs in the trash tank.
Essentials of the Activated Sludge Process
The essentials of the activated sludge process, which were described in Ardern and Lockett’s paper (and are still in use today), are
Wastewater Treatment Prior to 1914
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the use of sanitary sewer systems in cities was just emerging in Europe and the U.S. as an alternative to pit privies, ditches, dumping chamber pots into the street, or cesspits. The sewer systems typically simply conveyed the wastewater for discharge into a body of water.
Development of the Activated Sludge Process after 1914
Following the presentation by Ardern and Lockett on their activated sludge experiments in 1914, interest in the process was widespread and development and use of the activated sludge process spread very rapidly. The second edition of “ The Activated Sludge Process of Sewage Treatment - A Bibliography of the Subject ,” by J.
References and Image Credits
1. Ardern, E. and Lockett, W.T., “Experiments on the Oxidation of Sewage Without the Aid of Filters,” Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Vol 33, No 10, pp 523 - 539, 1914 (presented at Manchester Section meeting on April 3, 1914).
When was the mechanical air conditioner invented?
Though people have attempted to outsmart the weather for centuries, the mechanical air conditioner did not arrive in the U.S. until Carrier invented it in 1902. Carrier, who saw himself as the Thomas Edison of air conditioners, changed the world with his invention—but its original aims were much smaller than that.
When did window air conditioning become widespread?
As TIME explained in a 2010 brief history of air conditioning, it took years for the technology to become widespread: Advances in technology eventually yielded the more convenient window air conditioner in the late 1930s, though it remained out of reach for most.
When did air conditioning start?
The general public—those not privy to the few luxurious hotels and cars that used cooling systems early on—often first encountered air-conditioning in movie theaters, which started to widely use the technology in the 1930s.
Is air conditioning going anywhere?
However, as record-breaking temperatures are expected for the coming decades, air conditioning likely isn’t going anywhere. Subscribe to TIME.
Who is Irvine Lyle?
While there, he met Irvine Lyle, a salesman and his eventual partner in Carrier Corp., a company that succeeded in marketing the air conditioner to Americans in the 1950s. (Today, it is a brand of United Technologies.)
Who invented the centrifugal refrigeration machine?
The first centrifugal refrigeration machine invented by Willis H. Carrier, the father of air conditioning, is pictured in Syracuse, New York in 1922. W ith the U.S. in the midst of a massive heat wave during one of the warmest years on record, it is, in a word, hot.
How much electricity does composting use?
Composting is an energy-consuming process, requiring 50-75 kWh of electricity per ton of MSW input. Composting technology for MSW is commercially available and in use, but its further application is limited mainly by environmental aspects and process economics.
How many AD digesters are there in Europe?
Some AD facilities in Europe have been in operation for more than 20 years. More than 600 farm-based digesters operate in Europe, where the key factor found in the successful facilities is their design simplicity. Around 250 of these systems have been installed in Germany alone in the past 5 years.
What industries use digesters?
More than 3 5 example industries that use digesters have been identified, including processors of chemicals, fiber, food, meat, milk, and pharmaceuticals. Many use AD as a pretreatment step that lowers sludge disposal costs, controls odors, and reduces the costs of final treatment at a municipal wastewater treatment facility.
When was MSW used in digesters?
Although the first digester to use MSW as a feedstock operated in the United States from 1939-1974, it is receiving renewed interest.
When was biogas first used?
Anecdotal evidence indicates that biogas was used for heating bath water in Assyria during the l0th century BC and in Persia during the 16th century. Jan Baptita Van Helmont first determined in 17 th century that flammable gases could evolve from decaying organic matter.
When was methane discovered?
In 1808, Sir Humphry Davy determined that methane was present in the gases produced during the AD of cattle manure. The first digestion plant was built at a leper colony in Bombay, India in 1859. 1 AD reached England in 1895 when biogas was recovered from a "carefully designed" sewage treatment facility and used to fuel street lamps in Exeter.
How long have AD facilities been in operation?
Some AD facilities in Europe have been in operation for more than 20 years.
What is the Mouras pit?
However, Mouras added an extra feature that he called the fousse Mouras (translated Mouras pit), a sealed tank that would hold the wastewater, allowing overflow to make its way to the cesspool. After ten years of use with no issue, Mouras was curious to see what was going on inside the tank.
Why do septic systems use an aerator?
Where older septic systems were typically anaerobic, many of the systems installed today use an aerator to create a more efficient aerobic environment. One significant change for modern septic system use is the widespread recognition that regular, routine maintenance is required to keep the system functioning properly.
What were the first water supplies?
The Minoans of Ancient Greece were the first to create many water supply technologies that would further enable human civilizations to thrive inland, including underground piping systems, aqueducts, cisterns, and flush toilets.
What was the first septic system made of?
Early American septic systems adhered closely to Mouras’s design and were made of concrete or steel. By the 1940s, septic systems were common from coast to coast, and by the 1960s, when these systems began failing, significant improvements to the overall design were developed.
What is the history of septic systems?
The History of the Septic System. Ever since the dawn of human civilization, the treatment and elimination of human waste has been one of mankind’s greatest issues. The septic system is a relatively recent development in the history of waste elimination. Like many great inventions, it is quite by accident that we discovered the ingenuity ...
What is the history of waste elimination?
The History of Waste Elimination. Most early civilizations were established near rivers, which not only provided a source of fresh water for irrigation, but also a method for waste elimination .
What did the Romans do after the fall of the Roman Empire?
After the fall of the Roman Empire, people moved away from urban cities and opted for a more rural, self-sustaining way of life.
Installation and Maintenance
The Trash Tank
- Trash tanks permitted for installation should meet requirements of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/NSF Standard 40. The trash tank must have a minimum liquid capacity of 300 gallons or the average daily flow, whichever is greater. The main function of the trash tank is to separate the effluent from the solids that settle and from the oil and grease that float. This …
Aeration Tank/Aeration Chamber
- The aeration tank must meet the most current ANSI/NSF Standard 40 and accommodate the projected daily flow. It also must have an opening of sufficient size to allow for maintenance. Since atmospheric air is forced into the chamber by a compressor or aerator, a venting mechanism for proper airflow through the aeration tank is required. The main function of the aer…
Clarifier Or Settling Chamber
- Treated wastewater exiting the aeration chamber enters the clarifier or the settling chamber. For most systems in Oklahoma, the clarifier is in the same tank as the aeration chamber (see Figure 2). The effluent entering the clarifier contains suspended solids (cell masses and non-degradable materials). The solids must be removed to prevent clogging caused by carryover of the solids to …
Disinfection
- If spray irrigation is used as the mode of dispersal, then the effluent needs to be disinfected. If the effluent is dispersed by subsurface drip irrigation, disinfection is not required. Disinfection is performed after the effluent has gone through the clarifier, but before it is pumped for dispersal. The most common method of disinfection is by chlorination. Manufacturer instructions about c…
Dispersal
- Effluent from the clarifier flows into a pump tank, where it is channeled through subsurface lines and eventually land-applied by either surface spray or subsurface drip irrigation. No biological treatment process takes place in the pump tank. The pump tank should meet ANSI/NSF Standard 40 and have a minimum liquid capacity of 700 gallons or, for systems with an average flow capa…
Maintenance
- The aerobic treatment system has components requiring regular maintenance. Maintenance starts by following manufacturer’s guidelines. Take the following as suggestions to keep your system in working order: 1. Know your installer. Know your installer and request that you be oriented to the operation and maintenance of your system. If you bought a used house, determin…
References
- Consortium of Institutes for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (CIDWT). 2009. Installation of Wastewater Treatment Systems. 1st Ed. 454 pp. Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). 2012. Individual and Small Public On-site Sewage Treatment Systems. Title 252: Oklahoma Admin Code Chapter 641. Lesikar, B. 2008. Aerobic Treatment Unit. Texas A & M AgriLife Extens…