What is the history of the human parainfluenza virus?
These respiratory viruses were first observed in the late 1950s when they were isolated from children with croup and were known as croup-associated viruses. Although HPIV demonstrated a resemblance to the influenza virus, HPIV is unique and can be easily and simply separated from the myxoviruses (influenza virus).
What is parainfluenza and how is it treated?
Parainfluenza refers to a group of viruses called human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs). There are four viruses in this group. Each one causes different symptoms and illnesses. All forms of HPIV cause an infection in either the upper or lower respiratory area of a person’s body. Symptoms of HPIVs are like those of the common cold.
How was parainfluenza 2 recognized?
Parainfluenza 2 was recognized by its cytopathic effects, which were seen in infected tissue culture and the virus was isolated from infants and children with lower respiratory tract disease. POWER The virulence of this virus is low.
Is parainfluenza virus a target for interrupting childhood respiratory disease?
"Entry of parainfluenza virus into cells as a target for interrupting childhood respiratory disease". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 115 (7): 1688–1698. doi: 10.1172/JCI25669. PMC 1159152. PMID 16007245. ^ a b Chambers R, Takimoto T (2011).
When was the parainfluenza virus discovered?
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) were first discovered in the late 1950s. Over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. This has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses.
What is the treatment for parainfluenza virus?
There's no cure for HPIV. Once you've been infected by a parainfluenza virus, it needs to run its course. If your symptoms are mild, treatment is usually at-home remedies, such as nasal saline, nasal suction, cool mist humidifiers and lots of fluids. Tylenol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen can be used for fevers.
Why is there no vaccine for parainfluenza?
Development of an HPIV-2 vaccine is being attempted; in preclinical studies, L protein has been identified as the major target for mutagenesis to develop attenuated HPIV-2. However, the major limitation of these vaccines is their potential to cause actual infection in immunocompromised hosts and children.
Can parainfluenza be cured?
There is no cure for HPIV. Once your child is infected, the virus needs to run its course. Antibiotics are not useful. Instead, treatment is aimed at reducing the symptoms.
Does Tamiflu treat parainfluenza?
Tamiflu isn't approved to treat parainfluenza viruses, and it shouldn't be given for this use. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) cause symptoms similar to those caused by influenza virus. However, HPIVs belong to a different class of viruses than influenza virus does.
How is parainfluenza treated in infants?
Supportive treatment for croup may include:Taking your child into cool, night air. ... Encouraging your child to drink plenty of fluids.Treating a fever with acetaminophen or ibuprofen (as instructed by your child's doctor).Keeping your child as quiet and calm as possible to help decrease the breathing effort.
What is the difference between parainfluenza and influenza?
Parainfluenza is a common virus that can cause both upper and lower respiratory infections, including colds, bronchitis, croup, and pneumonia. Despite the name, it is not related to influenza (the flu). It is caused by an entirely different virus known as the human parainfluenza virus (HPIV).
Does parainfluenza have a vaccine?
Prevention. Currently, there is no vaccine to protect you against infection caused by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV).
Do you build immunity to parainfluenza?
Although immunity to HPIV infection is long-lasting, reinfection may occur many times throughout life and at variable intervals, even in the presence of neutralizing antibodies.
Where does parainfluenza come from?
Transmission. CPIV is excreted from the respiratory tract of infected animals for up to 2 weeks after infection and is usually transmitted through the air. The virus spreads rapidly in kennels or shelters where large numbers of dogs are kept together.
How is parainfluenza diagnosed?
The diagnosis of HPIVs may be made by testing the secretions collected from a sick child's nose and throat. Viral cultures or tests are taken to look for parts of the virus. An increase in antibodies to parainfluenza may be found in the blood of infected children.
How long does Paraflu last?
Symptoms usually develop between 2 and 7 days from the time of exposure and typically resolve in 7-10 days. Symptoms may include fever, runny nose, and cough. HPIV-3 can also cause bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Prevention
Currently, there is no vaccine to protect you against infection caused by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV). However, researchers are trying to develop vaccines.
Treatment
There is no specific antiviral treatment for HPIV illness. Most people with HPIV illness will recover on their own. However, to relieve symptoms, you can
What is the name of the family of viruses that cause parainfluenza?
Xinmoviridae. Human parainfluenza viruses ( HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease.
How long does parainfluenza last?
Parainfluenza viruses last only a few hours in the environment and are inactivated by soap and water. Furthermore, the virus can also be easily destroyed using common hygiene techniques and detergents, disinfectants and antiseptics.
What is a transmission electron micrograph of a parainfluenza virus?
Two intact particles and free filamentous nucleocapsid. Human parainfluenza viruses ( HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family.
When was HPIV discovered?
The first HPIV was discovered in the late 1950s. The taxonomic division is broadly based on antigenic and genetic characteristics, forming four major serotypes or clades, which today are considered distinct viruses. These include:
HPIV-1
HPIV-1 is the leading cause of croup in children. Croup is a respiratory illness that manifests as swelling near the vocal cords and in other parts of the upper respiratory system. HPIV-1 is responsible for outbreaks of croup in the autumn. In the United States, the outbreaks tend to be more widespread in odd-numbered years.
HPIV-2
HPIV-2 causes croup in children, but doctors detect it much less often than HPIV-1. It’s seen mostly in the autumn but to a lesser degree than HPIV-1.
HPIV-3
An HPIV-3 infection is mostly associated with pneumonia and bronchiolitis, which is swelling from inflammation in the smallest airways in the lungs. It often causes infections in the spring and early summer, but it appears throughout the year.
HPIV-4
HPIV-4 is rarer than the other types. Unlike the other strains of HPIV, there are no known seasonal patterns of HPIV-4.
What is the serotype of parainfluenza?
This serotype of parainfluenza belongs to the genus Rubulavirus. This virus is a common human respiratory pathogen.
How long does it take for parainfluenza to spread?
The incubation period is speculated to be about 2 to 6 days, although it remains unknown in pediatric infections.
How many parainfluenza viruses are there?
There are four human parainfluenza viruses and they were first discovered during 1956 to 1960. Parainfluenza 2 was recognized by its cytopathic effects, which were seen in infected tissue culture and the virus was isolated from infants and children with lower respiratory tract disease. POWER.
What causes late onset PVE?
Late-onset PVE is rarely caused by Mycobacterium, Coxiella, Tropheryma, Bartonella, and Legionella spp. 48-56 Aspergillus spp. have been noted in few infections and can be difficult to identify as causative pathogens because blood cultures are usually negative.
What is the difference between Actinobacillus and Pasteurella?
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a species that can cause human disease. The other Actinobacillus species are animal pathogens. Pasteurella and Mannheimia species are primarily animal pathogens with occasional infections in human caused by animal bites or scratches ( Pasteurella multocida ).
Is parainfluenza a virus?
Parainfluenza is caused by the parainfluenza viruses, not by Haemophilus parainfluenzae. It is commoner in children and particularly affects the larynx, causing croup. There may be necrosis of the mucosa as in influenza ( Fig. 5.1.6A ), and quite frequently small polypoid growths of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium develop, similar to those associated with infection by respiratory syncytial virus (see below). In the lung there is hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelium and a serous exudate containing increased numbers of macrophages is seen. In immunosuppressed individuals, parainfluenza type III virus may result in a giant cell pneumonia that is indistinguishable from that of measles except that the inclusion bodies typical of measles pneumonia are not a feature ( Fig. 5.1.6B ). 38–41
Can H influenzae be encapsulated?
H. influenzae can either be encapsulated or lack the genes for encapsulation ( nontypeable). There are six antigenically distinct capsular serotypes (a through f), with serotype b (Hib) being a frequent cause of meningitis and sepsis in young children where vaccination is not practiced.
Overview
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease. Virions are approximately 150–250 nm in size and contain negative sense RNA with a genome encompass…
Classification
The first HPIV was discovered in the late 1950s. The taxonomic division is broadly based on antigenic and genetic characteristics, forming four major serotypes or clades, which today are considered distinct viruses. These include:
HPIVs belong to two genera: Respirovirus (HPIV-1 & HPIV-3) and Rubulavirus (HPIV-2 & HPIV-4).
HPIVs are characterised by producing enveloped virions and containing single stranded negativ…
Clinical significance
It is estimated that there are 5 million children with lower respiratory infections (LRI) each year in the United States alone. HPIV-1, HPIV-2 and HPIV-3 have been linked with up to a third of these infections. Upper respiratory infections (URI) are also important in the context of HPIV, however, they are caused to a lesser extent by the virus. The highest rates of serious HPIV illnesses occur among young children, and surveys have shown that about 75% of children aged 5 or older have …
Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be made in several ways, encompassing a range of multi-faceted techniques:
• Isolation and detection of the virus in cell culture.
• Detection of viral antigens directly within bodily respiratory tract secretions using immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassays or fluoroimmunoassays.
Morbidity and mortality
Mortality caused by HPIVs in developed regions of the world remains rare. Where mortality has occurred, it is principally in the three core risk groups (very young, elderly and immuno-compromised). Long term changes can however be associated with airway remodelling and are believed to be a significant cause of morbidity. The exact associations between HPIVs and diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are still being investigated.
Prevention
Despite decades of research, no vaccines currently exist.
Recombinant technology has however been used to target the formation of vaccines for HPIV-1, -2 and -3 and has taken the form of several live-attenuated intranasal vaccines. Two vaccines in particular were found to be immunogenic and well tolerated against HPIV-3 in phase I trials. HPIV-1 and -2 vaccine candidates remain less advanced.
Medication
Ribavirin is one medication which has shown good potential for the treatment of HPIV-3 given recent in-vitro tests (in-vivo tests show mixed results). Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral, and as of 2012, was being administered to those who are severely immuno-compromised, despite the lack of conclusive evidence for its benefit. Protein inhibitors and novel forms of medication have also been proposed to relieve the symptoms of infection.
Interactions with the environment
Parainfluenza viruses last only a few hours in the environment and are inactivated by soap and water. Furthermore, the virus can also be easily destroyed using common hygiene techniques and detergents, disinfectants and antiseptics.
Environmental factors which are important for HPIV survival are pH, humidity, temperature and the medium within which the virus is found. The optimal pH is around the physiologic pH values (7.4 …