Who invented trauma care in the Napoleonic Wars?
The outstanding military surgeon of the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey (1766–1842), generally is regarded as the originator of modern military trauma care and what would become known as triage [ 131 ].
What are the advances in the treatment of wounded soldiers?
In more recent conflicts, the medical needs of wounded soldiers have driven significant advances in prosthetic and orthotic device design, amputee care, and rehabilitation practices.
What was the general approach to wound care during WW2?
In 1945, the Office of the Surgeon General summarized the general approach to wound care during the Second World War: As the initial wound operation is by definition a limited procedure, nearly every case requires further treatment.
How did the US military treat wounded soldiers in the Pacific?
The U.S. military employed an organized system for the treatment of soldiers severely wounded while fighting in the Pacific, including their evacuation stateside if needed. This system was based on the concept of medical care echelons.
Who was president of the American National Red Cross a strong proponent of the humane treatment of battlefield casualties quizlet?
-Clara Barton, president of the American National Red Cross, became an advocate of woman suffrage and a strong proponent of the humane treatment of battlefield casualties.
Which was responsible for the greatest number of deaths among soldiers during the Civil War?
Most casualties and deaths in the Civil War were the result of non-combat-related disease. For every three soldiers killed in battle, five more died of disease.
Who were the Copperheads quizlet?
The Copperheads were a vocal faction of Democrats located in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Republicans started calling antiwar Democrats "Copperheads", likening them to the venomous snake.
Which was responsible for the greatest number of deaths among soldiers during the Civil War quizlet?
Burns, MD of The Burns Archive. Before war in the twentieth century, disease was the number one killer of combatants. Of the 620,000 recorded military deaths in the Civil War about two-thirds died from disease.
Who was the angel of death during the Civil War?
D. H. Hill - The Confederate Angel of Death: Lee's Fighting General (Civil War - Biography of Lee's Fighting General): Hill, Dr. D. R.: 9781481060486: Books. Included with a Kindle Unlimited membership.
Who is responsible for the most deaths in history?
Mao ZedongBut both Hitler and Stalin were outdone by Mao Zedong. From 1958 to 1962, his Great Leap Forward policy led to the deaths of up to 45 million people – easily making it the biggest episode of mass murder ever recorded.
Why did President Lincoln believe the Copperheads were a threat to the Union war effort?
President Lincoln thought that Copperheads were a threat to the Union war effort because some of the Republicans suspected some Copperheads of aiding the Confederates and they didn't want anyone interfering with war effort.
What were Copperheads in the Civil War?
Copperhead, also called Peace Democrat, during the American Civil War, pejoratively, any citizen in the North who opposed the war policy and advocated restoration of the Union through a negotiated settlement with the South.
Who were Copperheads which people were most likely to be Copperheads and why?
Which people were most likely to be Copperheads, and why? copperheads were ¨Peace Democrats¨ opposed Lincoln's conduct of the war and demanded an end to the fighting. promoted violence against the union, most remained loyal to it and wanted only to end the war.
What did Frederick Douglass urge Northern blacks to do?
Barely three months after Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, Frederick Douglass gave a speech in Rochester, New York on March 2, 1863, titled “Men of Color, To Arms!” which urged African American men to join what was increasingly a war to make real what the Proclamation only promised—complete freedom ...
What was the caning of Sumner quizlet?
The Caning of Charles Sumner, or the Brooks-Sumner Affair, occurred on May 22, 1856, in the United States Senate when Representative Preston Brooks (D-SC) attacked Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA), an abolitionist, with a walking cane in retaliation for a speech given by Sumner in which he fiercely criticized slaveholders ...
What was Lincoln's vision during the Civil War?
Lincoln's vision during the civil war: Was that the American nation embodied a set of universal ideals rooted In political democracy and human freedom. During the civil war the term "contraband camps" referred to: Camps of southern slaves who had escaped from their masters and entered union lines.
What is war wound treatment?
The treatment of war wounds is an ancient art, constantly refined to reflect improvements in weapons technology, transportation, antiseptic practices, and surgical techniques. Throughout most of the history of warfare, more soldiers died from disease than combat wounds, and misconceptions regarding the best timing and mode ...
Who was the surgeon of the Napoleonic Wars?
The outstanding military surgeon of the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey (1766–1842), generally is regarded as the originator of modern military trauma care and what would become known as triage [131].
What was the importance of the Crimean War?
The Crimean War (1854–1855) underscored the importance of methods used by Larrey decades earlier, particularly the importance of organized evacuation and surgical care close to the front line.
What was Alexander Fleming's first topical solution?
Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) noted an initial benefit to the use of topical solutions, such as carbolic acid, perchloride/biniodide of mercury, boric acid, and hydrogen peroxide, but concluded antiseptics had a longer-term negative effect on healing and advised the surgeon to rely “on his skill alone” [44].
How many doctors did Norman Kirk have?
As US Surgeon General during most of World War II (1939–1945), Norman Kirk (1888–1960) (Fig. 2) oversaw a medical organization more vast than any of his predecessors: 535,000 medics, 57,000 nurses, 47,000 physicians, and 2000 veterinarians. Nearly 700 overseas hospitals were responsible for initial care of the wounded.
What is the need for surgical care of survivors of accidents or animal attacks?
The need for surgical care of survivors of accidents or animal attacks is part of the story of civilization, as is the story of medical care of those wounded in that other peculiarly human endeavor, warfare [41].
What was the result of gunshot wounds?
Gunshot wounds resulted in gross tissue destruction that was an excellent medium for infection. However, because surgeons of the era had no knowledge of bacteria, they concluded infection was the result of poisonous gunpowder, and sought to destroy the poison by pouring boiling oil into the wound [116].
Who conducted Operation Longcloth?
The Allies had paid a high price in military personnel and negative morale after the debacles of the British retreat in Burma in 1942 and Operation Longcloth in 1943, conducted by Brigadier Orde Wingate and his Chindits.
Why did the jungle battlefields have to be treated?
Most jungle battlefield casualties were then receiving treatment within hours due to the increased mobility of field hospitals and the extensive use of air transport as ambulances. The Enemy Surpasses Disease. It was not until World War 2 that the enemy killed more American troops than disease did.
What were the hazards faced by Japanese medical personnel?
The hazards faced by medical personnel were, in some cases, similar to the medics being shot at while carrying litters or dragging wounded to battalion aid stations or dressing wounds in the field.
What was Echelon IV?
Echelon IV was composed of the general hospitals, hospital centers, and station hospitals. Echelon V was made up of hospitals in the Zone of the Interior. This story was first published in WWII History. Order your subscription here!
What was the New Guinea campaign?
The New Guinea Campaign. General Douglas MacArthur’s advances in New Guinea in 1943-1944 and the Allied invasion of northern Burma were to be true offensives and as such would possess frontline and rear echelon capabilities of treating and evacuating wounded troops.
What was the military system in the Pacific?
By Jon Diamond. The U.S. military employed an organized system for the treatment of soldiers severely wounded while fighting in the Pacific, including their evacuation stateside if needed. This system was based on the concept of medical care echelons. Echelon I comprised an aid station/unit dispensary, while Echelon II referred to collecting ...
What were the obstacles that Allied soldiers faced?
Allied soldiers required mules and horses to carry the heavy equipment and supplies. In addition, wild vegetation— 12-foot tall, razor sharp elephant grass, dense bamboo forests, and mangrove swamp s—presented further obstacles for the troops. Wild animals and venomous snakes inhabited many areas crossed by troops of both sides ...
Who supplied splints to soldiers?
The Peg Leg Department of the Surgical Appliances Association in London, allied with the American Red Cross, supplied splints and similar appliances for American soldiers in Europe. Soldiers wore the peg legs while stumps healed and they waited for fitting of regular artificial limbs.
What was used to perform amputation?
They used large curved knives or saws to accomplish amputation, and anesthesia typically consisted of quantities of rum or wine, a tobacco juice mixture, or, more often, nothing. 1 Holding patients still during operations required two or three surgical attendants.
How long did the theory of laudable pus hinder medical practice?
The theory of laudable pus hindered medical practice for almost 2000 years and US military doctors, much like their Roman predecessors, struggled with the notion of amputation and its unfortunate consequences.
Why is amputation used in war?
The use of amputation as a treatment for severe lower extremity injuries sustained during war dates to antiquity, though in the ancient world the procedure was most often used to treat gangrene, not battle wounds. In the pregunpowder era swords, spears, and arrows caused most combat wounds, ...
What were the major advances in pharmacology during World War II?
During World War II (1941-1945) significant advances in pharmacology shifted the paradigm from splinting and amputating to more skilled surgical care. Transfusion medicine, including a reliable supply of blood products and typed blood as well as the advent of antibiotics, helped transition surgery from straight amputation of severely injured limbs to successful internal fixation of fractures. 20
How many surgeons were in the Union medical force?
11 By the war’s end, however, Union medical forces had grown from fewer than 200 to more than 10,000 surgeons.
What is historical context in medical care?
Although many factors that have impeded progress in combat casualty care no longer plague surgeons or their patients, historical context emphasizes the need for modern practitioners to question convention, advance research, and rapidly integrate beneficial new technologies into medical care.
Why were individual soldiers enemies?
Individual soldiers were enemies only so long as they were armed and the captors only rights over prisoners were to keep them from returning to the battle lines. This way of thinking resulted in more humane treatment for those officially classified as prisoners of war.
Why were soldiers of little status or wealth killed?
Soldiers of little status or wealth were killed to reduce the enemy's numbers. During the 17th and 18th centuries, more modern thinking on the status of prisoners of war began to develop as war began to be considered strictly a relationship between states.
What was the history of prisoners of war?
The history of prisoners of war is as old as the history of warfare. In primitive times, the captured warriors were considered the personal property of the captor and were forced into slavery. During the Middle Ages, when the concept of ransom was developed, it became beneficial for warriors to capture wealthy soldiers. Holding prisoners required expenses for their upkeep; therefore, prisoners were not kept unless it was expedient to the captor to do so. Soldiers of little status or wealth were killed to reduce the enemy's numbers.
How were prisoners held during the Civil War?
Initially during the Civil War, a system of paroles and exchanges was used. Paroled prisoners were released to their homes after signing a document pledging not to bear arms until formally exchanged.
When did the military give names to prisoners?
The Code of Conduct, issued on executive order by President Eisenhower in 1955, requires the military prisoner to give only name, rank, service number, and date of birth.
Do prisoners of war carry scars?
Most prisoners of war carry physical or psychological scars from their experiences as captives. Just as the responsibities of the captor nation have changed and evolved over the years, so has the responsibility of the individual prisoner.