What is primary treatment?
Primary treatment removes material that will either float or readily settle out by gravity. It includes the physical processes of screening, comminution, grit removal, and sedimentation.
What is primary treatment in wastewater treatment?
In wastewater treatment: Primary treatment Primary treatment removes material that will either float or readily settle out by gravity. It includes the physical processes of screening, comminution, grit removal, and sedimentation. Screens are made of long, closely spaced, narrow metal bars.
What is primary treatment in mining?
Primary treatment removes material that will either float or readily settle out by gravity. It includes the physical processes of screening, comminution, grit removal, and sedimentation. Screens are made of long, closely spaced, narrow metal bars.
What are the therapeutic agents related to no?
Therapeutic agents related to NO include prodrugs that elevate NO levels, scavengers of NO, and inhibitors of endogenous NO synthesis.
What is meant primary treatment?
Listen to pronunciation. (PRY-mayr-ee TREET-ment) The first treatment given for a disease. It is often part of a standard set of treatments, such as surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation.
What are the types of therapeutic agents?
Therapeutic agents that do immunomodulation are known as immunomodulators. They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic, and natural preparations, often cytokines. They can be in the form of small molecules, large molecules, peptides, and many different types of proteins.
What is primary cancer treatment?
Cancer treatments may be used as: Primary treatment. The goal of a primary treatment is to completely remove the cancer from your body or kill all the cancer cells. Any cancer treatment can be used as a primary treatment, but the most common primary cancer treatment for the most common types of cancer is surgery.
What is first line and second line treatment?
Second-line treatment is treatment for a disease or condition after the initial treatment (first-line treatment) has failed, stopped working, or has side effects that aren't tolerated. It's important to understand "lines of treatment" and how they differ from first line treatment and can play a role in clinical trials.
What's a therapeutic agent?
1. An active force or substance capable of producing an effect. 2. A factor such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or a form of radiation, the presence or absence of which (as in deficiency diseases) results in disease or more advanced disease.
What is meant by therapeutic agents?
Therapeutic Agent means a chemical substance that is used for the treatment or mitigation of a disease condition or ailment; Sample 1.
What are primary cancers?
Primary cancer is defined as the original site (organ or tissue) where cancer began. In contrast, a second or secondary cancer may be defined in a few ways; as either a new primary cancer in another region of the body or as metastasis (spread) of the original primary cancer to another region of the body.
What are primary and secondary tumors?
Secondary tumors are the same type of cancer as the original (primary) cancer. For example, cancer cells may spread from the breast (primary cancer) to form new tumors in the lung (secondary tumor). The cancer cells in the lung are just like the ones in the breast. Also called secondary cancer.
What is primary and secondary cancer?
A primary cancer is where a cancer starts. Sometimes cancer cells can break away from the primary cancer and settle and grow in another part of the body. This new cancer growth is called secondary cancer. Secondary cancers are also called metastases.
What is a second line agent?
Any therapeutic agent that is not the drug of choice, or the 1st normally used to treat a particular condition; in rheumatoid arthritis, 2nd-line agents are used when standard 'first-line' therapy–ie, anti-inflammatory agents and corticosteroids fail.
What is third line treatment?
Treatment that is given when both initial treatment (first-line therapy) and subsequent treatment (second-line therapy) don't work, or stop working.
What is first course treatment?
First Course of Treatment (or Therapy) includes all methods of treatment recorded by the managing physician(s) in the treatment plan and administered before disease progression or recurrence.
What are the different types of therapeutic agents?
Therapeutic agents currently on the market can be positioned into either one of the four categories: chemically synthesized compounds, which are small molecules; botanically available molecules that are isolated from plants, fungi, and molds; biotherapeutic macromolecules, which could be either naturally occurring or can be engineered from a known biological template; for example, monoclonal antibodies designed to treat cancer; and nucleic acid–based therapeutics that are designed to interfere with natural translation process by mRNA.
What are the therapeutic agents in cancer?
New agents in oncology including immune therapy, antiangiogenic drugs, targeted therapies, such as cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors help to target specific areas of the immune system and proliferation pathways to decrease tumor proliferation, growth, survival, and metastasis. This chapter serves to focus on the mechanisms of the new medications in cancer therapy that have changed the way we treat cancer.
How are therapeutic agents associated with liposomes?
Therapeutic agents can be associated with preformed liposomes through methods that involve the use of ion gradients, where by the added drug crosses the liposomal lipid bilayer and is then modified, such that it is less able to permeate back through the bilayer and is trapped. In this case, the majority of the drug is thought to be held in the inner aqueous core of the liposome; although there is a possibility that some drug partitions into the lipid bilayer or resides at the interface between the lipid head groups and the bulk internal volume. This method is referred to as active (remote) loading. When using active loading methods, encapsulation efficiencies can be >98% (Gubernator, 2011 ). Remote loading methods use various types of ion gradients to entrap the drug within preformed liposomes and different drugs may require different approaches to achieve efficient drug loading. For example, when encapsulating water soluble drugs with protonizable amine functions, such as doxorubicin or vincristine, the drugs can be added to preformed liposomes which exhibit a transmembrane pH gradient (inside acidic). The drug is able to cross the lipid bilayer in a neutral form, but when encountering the low internal pH within the liposome, it becomes protonated and charged. The charged drug is less permeable across the lipid bilayer and remains trapped. Specifically, drug remote loading is achieved by pH gradients after making liposomes in solutions of low pH citrate buffer ( Fenske et al., 1998 ), ammonium sulfate ( Haran et al., 1993 ), calcium acetate ( Clerc and Barenholz, 1995 ), and other ions that are suitable substrates for ionophores that exchange protons for the trapped ions ( Fenske et al., 1998 ). An example of the latter active loading technique is based on preparing liposomes with divalent metal ions (e.g., Mg 2+, Mn 2+, Cu 2+ ), followed by the addition of a divalent cation ionophore, such as A23187 (calcimycin) ( Ramsay et al., 2008a ). The ionophore facilitates the movement of two protons from the external buffer (inward) in exchange to one divalent metal ion (outward).
What are therapeutic agents capable of targeting?
Therapeutic agents capable of targeting tumor cells present as established tumors and micrometastases have already demonstrated their potential in clinical trials. Immunotoxins targeting hematological malignancies and solid tumors have additionally demonstrated excellent clinical activity.
What are the new agents in oncology?
New agents in oncology including immune therapy, antiangiogenic drugs, targeted therapies, such as cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors help to target specific areas of the immune system and proliferation pathways to decrease tumor proliferation, growth, survival, and metastasis.
How do nanosystems improve drug delivery?
It would also help to modulate the release profile of drugs either by sustained or controlled effect.
Why are statins considered NO-related therapeutics?
Even drugs such as the statins, with primary targets not directly involved in regulation of NO, might be considered NO-related therapeutics because of benefits derived from downstream regulation of NO and nitrogen oxides [ 1–3 ].
What are the main objectives of primary treatment?
The main objectives of primary treatment of wastewater are: To reduce the strength of sewage to the extent 30% to 50%. To remove settleable solids by 80% to 90%. To reduce BOD by 30% to 35%. To make the sewage fit for further treatment process.
What is primary sedimentation tank?
Primary sedimentation tank is also known as primary clarifier and is located just after grit chamber. It may be rectangular, circular or square shape. The principle and construction details are same as that of plain sedimentation tank W.T.P.
How to treat wastewater?
The main objectives of primary treatment of wastewater are: 1 To reduce the strength of sewage to the extent 30% to 50%. 2 To remove settleable solids by 80% to 90%. 3 To reduce BOD by 30% to 35%. 4 To make the sewage fit for further treatment process.
What is primary treatment of wastewater?
Primary treatment of wastewater involves sedimentation of solid waste within the water. This is done after filtering out larger contaminants within the water. Wastewater is passed through several tanks and filters that separate water from contaminants.
What is the most effective method of secondary treatment of wastewater?
This method of secondary treatment of wastewater employs sand filters, contact filters, or trickling filters to ensure that additional sediment is removed from wastewater. Of the three filters, trickling filters are typically the most effective for small-batch wastewater treatment.
What is the third step in wastewater management?
This third and last step in the basic wastewater management system is mostly comprised of removing phosphates and nitrates from the water supply. Substances like activates carbon and sand are among the most commonly used materials that assist in this process.
Abstract
Sorafenib and lenvatinib, as molecular-targeted agents, constitute effective primary treatment options for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the choice of optimal primary treatment agent remains controversial.
Experimental Procedures
Eligibility criteria for this study were similar to those of the SHARP ( 3) and REFLECT studies.
Results
Table 1 lists the characteristics of the 670 enrolled patients with advanced HCC receiving MTAs (sorafenib, n = 524; lenvatinib, n = 146). The median duration of the follow-up period was 10.5 and 7.3 months, respectively.
Discussion
Currently, five drugs have shown clinical activity against advanced HCC in phase 3 clinical trials.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the staff of the Kurume Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan and Asakura Medical Association Hospital, Chikugo City Hospital, Iwamoto Clinic, Kurume Central Hospital, Kurume General Hospital, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume University Medical Center, Kyushu Medical Center, Nagata Hospital, Ōmuta City Hospital, Saga Central Hospital, Saiseikai Ōmuta-Hospital, Social Insurance Tagawa Hospital, St.
What is primary PCI?
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) refers to the strategy of taking a patient who presents with STEMI directly to the cardiac catheterization laboratory to undergo mechanical revascularization using balloon angioplasty, coronary stents, aspiration thrombectomy, and other measures. Patients are not treated with thrombolytic therapy in the emergency room (or ambulance) but preferentially taken directly to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for primary PCI. Studies have demonstrated that primary PCI is superior to thrombolytic therapy when it can be performed in a timely manner by a skilled interventional cardiologist with a skilled and experienced catheterization laboratory team. An example of primary PCI is shown in Fig. 17.3.
Is a drug eluting stent a bare metal stent?
For the same reason, stents coated with medication (drug-eluting stents) should be preferred to bare-metal stents. However, since drug-eluting stents carry a high risk of intracoronary acute thrombosis, prolonged DAPT is mandatory in all patients receiving drug-eluting stents.
Is thrombolysis a reperfusion strategy?
Yet, thrombolysis remains an effective reperfusion strategy, especially in the many parts of the world where PPCI is not available or geographical limitations prohibit timely access to it. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activators are the preferred fibrinolytic agents of choice and “accelerated” delivery has shown the greatest survival benefit of all thrombolytic regimens. Procedural safety and outcomes of PPCI have been improved by the contemporary use of radial (rather than femoral) artery access and new-generation drug-eluting stents, that reduce restenosis, reinfarction and stent thrombosis compared with older stent technologies, facilitated by potent antiplatelet agents. Other adjunctive pharmacotherapy and mechanical interventions have not been shown to consistently improve outcomes and their routine use is controversial. The optimal management of high-risk STEMI patients, particularly those with multivessel disease and/or cardiogenic shock, is undetermined and currently under investigation. The greatest challenges to optimizing prognosis following STEMI remain ischemia-reperfusion injury and suboptimal microvascular perfusion despite angiographically successful PPCI.
