Who popularized the concept of totalitarianism?
Carl Joachin Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski (pictured) popularized the concept of totalitarianism, alongside Hannah Arendt.
How did totalitarian dictators use fear to their advantage?
Totalitarian dictators took advantage of people's fear, and used it to make them follow their ideology. Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union used terror to make people confess to crimes by torturing them, their friends, or threatening their family. Describe Mussolini's relationship with Hitler and how it changed over the years.
Who are some famous people who were totalitarian?
Benito Mussolini, former Duce of Italy. Kim Il-sung, the Eternal President of North Korea. Totalitarianism is a political concept of a mode of government that prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control over public and private life.
Who is attracted to totalitarianism?
Though it has often been wrongly assumed that totalitarian movements only appeal to the poor masses, Arendt shows that the elite were also attracted to totalitarianism and the mob. While the mob and the elite are attracted to the totalitarian movement, the masses as a whole must be won over through propaganda.
What is totalitarianism quizlet?
totalitarianism. government that takes control, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life.
What is a totalitarian state quizlet?
Totalitarian State. A type of government ruled by a dictator; the government controls every aspect of life; there is one-party rule and supremacy of the state over the individual.
Which of the following definitions best describes a totalitarian government?
Totalitarianism is a form of government that attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens. It is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. It does not permit individual freedom.
Why did Italy accept a totalitarian leader quizlet?
Why did Italy accept a totalitarian leader? There was an economic crisis in Italy. Which leadership crisis occurred in the USSR that allowed a totalitarian government to take control? Lenin died and Stalin rose to power.
What is a totalitarian dictatorship quizlet?
Totalitarianism. A system of unlimited government where absolute control is in the hands of one person or party. Dictator. A ruler with absolute control over the people, military, & government; often rules oppressively.
Who is Benito Mussolini quizlet?
Mussolini (1883-1945) was the dictator of Italy from 1922-1945 and the founder of Fascism. He allied Italy with Nazi Germany and Japan in World War Two. In March 1919, Mussolini formed the Fascist Party, galvanizing the support of many unemployed war veterans.
What are the four major forms of totalitarianism?
There are four major forms of totalitarianism today:Communist totalitarianism: advocates achieving socialism through totalitarian dictatorship.Theocratic totalitarianism: political power is monopolized by a party, group, or individual that governs according to religious principles.More items...
What is an example of totalitarian?
Notable examples of totalitarian states include Italy under Benito Mussolini (1922–43), the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (1924–53), Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler (1933–45), the People's Republic of China under the influence of Mao Zedong (1949–76), and North Korea under the Kim dynasty (1948– ).
Who was the primary leader who took power and what was the name of his political party text to speech?
Who was the primary leader who took power and what was the name of his political party? Benito Mussolini led the Italian Fascist Party.
How did Stalin and Mussolini compare with one another?
(www.biography.com) Both Stalin and Mussolini made themselves dictators. Joseph Stalin was a dictator of the Soviets and Benito Mussolini was a dictator of Italy prior to WW2. Stalin was a general secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. He took his chance to take control of all party members.
Who is the leader of the totalitarian regime?
Totalitarian Countries 2022CountryRegime NameLeaderRussiaThe Union of the Soviet Socialist RepublicsJoseph StalinGermanyThe Greater German ReichAdolf HitlerRomaniaThe National Legionary StateIon AntonescuAlbaniaThe People's Socialist Republic of AlbaniaEnver Hoxhas (followed by Ramiz Alia)6 more rows
How did Mussolini change Italy quizlet?
In 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome to command the government to make changes. This resulted in the king giving Mussolini power over Italy. Mussolini suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections, and gave the Fascist party power. He also recognized the Vatican city as an independent state.
What is totalitarian organization?
Totalitarian forms of organization enforce this demand for conformity. Totalitarian societies are hierarchies dominated by one political party and usually by a single leader. The party penetrates the entire country through regional, provincial, local and “primary” (party-cell) organization.
What are the characteristics of totalitarianism?
1. The principal characteristics of totalitarianism. 2. The ways in which a totalitarian regime differs from a dictatorship. 3. The ways in which right-wing totalitarian regimes differ from left-wing totalitarian regimes. 4.
How does totalitarianism differ from dictatorship?
Totalitarian regimes seek to establish complete political, social and cultural control, whereas dictatorships seek limited, typically political, control. Two types of totalitarianism can sometimes be distinguished: Nazism and Fascism which evolved from “right-wing” extremism, and Communism, which evolved from “left-wing” extremism. Traditionally, each is supported by different social classes. Right-wing totalitarian movements have generally drawn their popular support primarily from middle classes seeking to maintain the economic and social status quo. Left-wing totalitarianism has often developed from working class movements seeking, in theory, to eliminate, not preserve, class distinctions. Right-wing totalitarianism has typically supported and enforced the private ownership of industrial wealth. A distinguishing feature of Communism, by contrast, is the collective ownership of such capital.
What is the difference between right and left wing totalitarianism?
Right-wing totalitarian movements have generally drawn their popular support primarily from middle classes seeking to maintain the economic and social status quo . Left-wing totalitarianism has often developed from working class movements seeking, in theory, to eliminate, not preserve, class distinctions.
How many members did Mussolini have in 1921?
Mussolini’s oratorical skills, the post-war economic crisis, a widespread lack of confidence in the traditional political system, and a growing fear of socialism, all helped the Fascist party to grow to 300,000 registered members by 1921. In that year it elected 35 members to parliament.
What is the role of paramilitary secret police?
Youth, professional, cultural, and sports groups supplement the party’s political control. A paramilitary secret police ensures compliance. Information and ideas are effectively organized through the control of television, radio, the press, and education at all levels.
Where did fascism originate?
Its name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax. Italian fascism was founded in Milan on March 23, 1919, by Benito Mussolini, a former revolutionary socialist leader.
What is the totalitarian movement?
The totalitarian movement aims to organize the masses, and in fact totalitarian rule is only possible in countries with a large superfluous mass. According to Arendt, two “illusions” of democracy were revealed by the totalitarian movements’ organization of the masses (312).
How are the masses won by totalitarianism?
In actuality, the masses are won to totalitarianism through propaganda and identification with the movement. The identification of the masses with the movement of history or nature proposed by totalitarianism is only possible because society has already itself disintegrated into a movement.
What is Arendt's analysis of totalitarianism?
She begins with the more well-known aspect of totalitarianism, the totalitarian leaders, who are characterized by their fame and its curious impermanence. Arendt chalks this up to the fickleness of the masses that totalitarian movements harness and what she calls the “motion-mania” of the movement itself. A totalitarian movement is only animated by its constant motion, and the fanaticized members identify completely with this movement. As soon as the movement stops, it becomes completely irrelevant to those who once followed it in mass.
Why can't argument convince masses?
This is why argument cannot convince masses who have become part of a movement; only repetition and brute force can "affect" the masses, because they are unable to undergo actual experience. For an argument to be effective, the hearer must have the capacity for independent reason and experience.
What was the most efficient and consistent fiction of which the Nazis convinced the masses?
The most efficient and consistent fiction of which the Nazis convinced the masses was that there was a Jewish world conspiracy. The Nazis built up the image of the Jewish people as secretly controlling the world and vowed that the Nazis (as representative of the Aryan race) would take their place.
Who said the masses are a detriment to liberalism?
As Peter Baehr argues in "The 'Masses' in Hannah Arendt 's Theory of Totalitarianism," Arendt believes that the masses are fundamentally a detriment to liberalism, but this view is nuanced, Baehr argues, because she thinks the creation of the masses are the product of a "specific conjecture" of society (12).
Is democracy opposed to liberalism?
Analysis. Since the Nazis rose to power through the use of mass democracy, democracy appears to be opposed to liberalism. It is a common argument following the events of the 20th century, and even today, that the involvement of the masses in politics will lead to the rise of totalitarianism and ought to be avoided.
What is the left irrationalism?
The Totalitarian Irrationalism of the Left. The left likes to parade itself as the political movement of reason, rationalism, and “science.”. Except whenever reason, rationalism, or science conflict with their political agenda.
What is the desire to eliminate all laws concerning the natural life of human persons in favor of “the freedom to choose”
The desire to eliminate all laws concerning the natural life of human persons in favor of “the freedom to choose” is not about the politics of reason but the triumph of the totalitarian lust to control and destroy, to control and destroy the most vulnerable lives.
What does Cicero say about the frenzied masses?
For, as Cicero said in De re publica, the frenzied masses often destroy -- in their rage --“admirable systems .”. And as Burke said in A Philosophical Enquiry, the frenzied spirits of the “disordered imagination” become “unrestrained by the curb of reason” leading to “despotic governments, which are founded on the passions of men.”.
What does Burke say about fragility?
Burke noted that the beautiful, which produces the passion of love and union, is embodied in such fragility. In fact, it almost depends upon it. “It is much harder to create than to destroy” is the quintessential conservative dictum.
What did Aristotle say about the leftists?
Aristotle said to speak falsely of things that are is to speak falsely of them.
What is the left complaining about?
The left complains about an unjust society and laws, yet they promote the cruelest and most unjust of all laws. The desire to replace – wholesale -- by social engineering the organic manifestation of natural society is about the triumph of the disordered imagination instead of the rational defense of the long inheritance.
What is the intellectual reality of the conservative tradition?
Given the intellectual reality of the conservative tradition being rooted in natural law, natural right, and natural reason, and the revolutionary and totalitarian tradition being rooted in anti-rationalism, opposition to natural society, and the politics of passion, this should help people navigate the very passionate times in which we live.
Instructional Objectives
Totalitarianism
Fascism
The Philosophy of Fascism
Fascist Ideology
Nazism
- Nazism refers to the totalitarian Fascist ideology and policies espoused and practiced by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Worker’s Party from 1920-1945. Nazism stressed the superiority of the Aryan, its destiny as the Master Race to rule the world over other races, and a violent hatred of Jews, which it blamed for all of the problems...
Paramilitary Organizations
Vocabulary
Activities
Discussion Questions