What are the different types of distribution networks in water?
Types of Distribution Network In Water Distribution System 1.4.1. Dead End or Tree System 1.4.2. Gridiron System 1.4.3. Circular or Ring System 1.4.4. Radial System The process of distributing treated water to the consumers is called a water distribution system.
How is water delivered in the haul system?
With the haul system, water is delivered using a truck and tank or a snow machine and tank. The water is delivered on order in much the same manner as fuel oil is delivered. Introduction Chapter 5 Introduction to Water Distribution Systems149 The most traditional water distribution system is the piped system.
What is the importance of water distribution system?
the source to the consumer when treatment is absent. Distribution systems span almost one million miles in the United States. They represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies. Distribution system wear and tear can pose intermittent or persistent health risks.
What are the components of water distribution system?
Water distribution systems consist of an interconnected series of components. They include: Public water systems depend on distribution systems to provide an uninterrupted supply of pressurized safe drinking water to all consumers. Distribution system mains carry water from either: the source to the consumer when treatment is absent.
What microbial agent can survive processing by water treatment plants?
A microbial agent that can survive processing by water treatment plants is: Cryptosporidium parvum.
What does the term finished water mean quizlet?
Finished water is defined as: The water that is delivered to the distribution system after treatment. An aquifer is defined as: A layer or section of earth that contains freshwater.
What infectious agent produces cysts that transmit the condition via contaminated food and water and have the ability to survive for long periods in cold water quizlet?
Caused by the protozoal parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which produces cysts that are carried in human feces. Transmission occurs via the ingestion of cysts that are contained in food and water that have been contaminated by feces.
What are the common industrial processes which is used for purifying our drinking water?
There are several methods used in the water purification process, which include: (1) physical processes, such as filtration, sedimentation, or distillation; (2) biological processes, such as sand filters, active carbon; (3) chemical processes, such as flocculation, chlorination, the use of ultraviolet light.
What does the term finished water mean?
Water that has passed through a water treatment plant. All the treatment processes are completed or finished. This water is the product from the water treatment plant and is ready to be delivered to consumers. Also called product water.
What is coagulation during water treatment designed to remove?
Coagulation is the chemical water treatment process used to remove solids from water, by manipulating electrostatic charges of particles suspended in water. This process introduces small, highly charged molecules into water to destabilize the charges on particles, colloids, or oily materials in suspension.
What are the two major sources of water?
Surface water (for example, a lake, river, or reservoir) Ground water (for example, an aquifer)
What is an aquifer quizlet?
Aquifer. A natural underground area where large quantities of ground water fill the spaces between rocks and sediment. Aquitard. An underground layer over an aquifer that is impermeable or significantly less. permeable than the aquifer below it.
What is the hydrologic cycle quizlet?
hydrologic cycle (water cycle) The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff and infiltration.
What is water treatment system?
Public drinking water systems use different water treatment methods to provide safe drinking water for their communities. Public water systems often use a series of water treatment steps that include coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection.
What is an industrial water treatment system?
An industrial water treatment system treats water so it is more appropriate for a given use, whether for consumption, manufacturing, or even disposal. That said, each system will vary depending on the facility's needs and many of the technologies that make up these systems can be similar.
Which water treatment process is done after filtration of water?
DisinfectionWhich water treatment process is done after filtration of water? Explanation: Disinfection is a process which is done to kill microorganism present in the water after the filtration process.
What is a good water distribution system?
A good water distribution system aims to supply water to all the consumers whenever required in sufficient quantity with required pressure without any leakage. 1.1. Requirements of the good water distribution system. 1. The system should be economical to maintain and operate. 2.
What is intermittent water distribution?
The water flows in the consumer’s tap at certain intervals. So, it is called an intermittent system. 1.3. Methods of Water Distribution System. For efficient distribution, it is required that water should reach every consumer with the required rate of flow.
What is pumping system?
Pumping System. In this system, water is supplied to the consumers with the help of pumps. Some extra pumps are installed for emergency causes like fire hazards, peak water demand, etc. This method is suitable if the source is at a lower elevation than the target community.
What is a separate pump in a direct distribution system?
In this system, separate pumps are provided for direct distribution and elevated reservoir where the elevated reservoir is used for backup in an emergency, power failure, etc. The Distribution network is connected with both elevated reservoir and direct distribution system.
How is water supplied to consumers?
In this system, water is pumped to the elevated reservoir and then supplied to the consumers by the action of gravity. The distribution network is connected with an elevated reservoir but not with direct distribution pumps as shown in the figure above.
Why is water fresh?
Due to the continuous circulation; water remains fresh but the losses will be more if there are leakages in the system.
How many types of water supply systems are there?
There are two types of water supply systems.
What is water distribution system?
A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to water consumers in order to adequately deliver water to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and fire fighting requirements.
What are the different types of distribution reservoirs?
The following are types of distribution reservoirs: Underground storage reservoir or covered finished water reservoir: Underground storage facility or large ground excavated reservoir that is fully covered.
Why flush water from fire hydrants?
Hydrant flushing is scheduled releases of water from fire hydrants or special flushing hydrants to release iron and other mineral deposits from the water main. Another benefit of using fire hydrants for water main flushing is to ensure that the water is adequately supplied to fire hydrants for fire fighting.
What is a water main?
Pipelines laid within public right of way called water mains are used to transport water within a distribution system. Large diameter water mains called primary feeders are used to connect between water treatment plants and service areas. Secondary feeders are connected between primary feeders and distributors. Distributors are water mains that are located near the water users, which also supply water to individual fire hydrants. A service line is a small diameter pipe used to connect from a water main through a small tap to a water meter at user's location. There is a service valve (also known as curb stop) on the service line located near street curb to shut off water to the user's building.
Why does water deteriorate?
Water quality deteriorate due to corrosion of metal pipe surfaces and connections in distribution systems. Pipe corrosion shows in water as color, taste and odor, any of which may cause health concerns.
How do biofilms form?
However, when infectious microorganisms enter the systems , they form biofilms and create microbial hazards to the users. Biofilms are usually formed near the end of the distribution where the water circulation is low. This supports their growth and makes disinfection agents less effective.
What is standpipe water?
Standpipe: A water tank that is a combination of ground storage tank and water tower water. It is slightly different from an elevated water tower in that the standpipe allows water storage from the ground level to the top of the tank.
What is drinking water treatment?
Drinking water treatment involves all of the following except. removal of all dissolved chemicals. Potential water hazards that may infiltrate underground aquifers located near industrial plants include. solvents. Waterborne diseases are a source of ongoing concern to the residents of the developing world, where waterborne diarrheal conditions take ...
What is waterborne disease?
Waterborne diseases are a source of ongoing concern to the residents of the developing world, where waterborne diarrheal conditions take a toll in morbidity and mortality, and on tourists who travel in these areas.
What is the field of water science called?
The field of water science is known as hydrology.
What are the underlying factors responsible for cholera outbreaks?
the underlying factors responsible for cholera outbreaks are an inadequate infrastructure for processing water and migrations of large numbers of people to urban areas. true. Water scarcity is defined as: An annual supply of renewable freshwater less than 1,000 cubic meters per person.
What is the function of a water distribution system?
The basic function of a water distribution system is to transport the water from the treatment facility to the customer. In addition, distribution systems may also provide storage, as well as provide flow and pressure adequate for fire protection. Typically, the size of water mains, pump station capacity, and storage reservoir volume is deter- mined by fire suppression needs. The volume of water necessary to fight fires is much greater than domestic and commercial water demand in most communities.
What are water distribution fittings made of?
Fittings used in water distribution systems are made out of cast iron, PVC, HDPE, stainless steel, and fiberglass. The material selected is based on the piping material and local conditions. The connections on cast iron fittings can be flanged, mechanical joint, or hub (with a rubber ring).
How to determine if a distribution system is reliable?
Distribution systems should provide adequate and reliable water to the customer. Adequate means providing all the water the customer needs at a pressure not less than 20 psi. Adequate also means that the water provided meets the customer’s needs for quality. Reliable means that customers can expect to obtain all the water they need, anytime they need it. In other words, they can expect that there will be water at the tap. As part of being adequate and reliable, the system must be operated in a way so that the quality of the water does not deteriorate between the treatment facility and the customer. In many communities, the customer expects that adequate reserves are present for fire prevention. If there are fire hydrants on the system, the customer has every right to make this assumption, and the purveyor has the responsibility for meeting this expec- tation by providing adequate flow, pressure, and storage volume.
What are the types of valves used in distribution systems?
The types of valves used in distribution systems include gate, butterfly, globe, plug, ball, air control, vacuum breakers, check val ves assemblies, and reduced pressure zone backflow prevention assemblies. Check valves are used to prevent water from reversing direction in a line or flowing in two directions.
What is the purpose of a pipeline?
A special purpose for pipelines may be the distribution of reclaimed water. It is be- coming more and more common for utilities to treat their wastewater to a high stan- dard so that it can be reused for irrigation of athletic fields and golf courses, snow- making at ski slopes, wetland enhancement, and commercial or industrial process water. Distribution pipe used to transport reclaimed water is either tinted or painted purple to distinguish it from potable water lines.
What is a watering point in Alaska?
These are systems with one or more specific points in the village where the customer can obtain water. This is the modern version of the community well. In some villages, there is a combination circulating system and watering points. The watering points are used by those customers who have homes away from the piped system. Another type of system found in Alaska and Canada is the haul system. With the haul system, water is delivered using a truck and tank or a snow machine and tank. The water is delivered on order in much the same manner as fuel oil is delivered.
Is a watering point treated the same as a piped system?
The treatment process for a watering point system is the same as for a piped system.
What is a water system?
Most water systems consist of a water source (such as a well, spring, or lake), some type of tank for storage, and a system of pipes for distribution. Means to treat the water to remove harmful bacteria or chemicals may also be required.
How long does a water system last?
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) defines a public water system as one that provides piped water to at least 25 persons or 15 service connections for at least 60 days per year. Such systems may be owned by homeowner associations, investor-owned water companies, local governments, and others.
Why should samples not be taken from wells?
Samples should not be taken from such wells because they instill a false sense of security if they are negative for both chemicals and biologic organisms. The quality of the water in such wells can change in just a few hours through infiltration of drainage water. Figure 8.8 shows the septic tank discharge in the drainage ditch 5 feet upstream of the dug well in Figure 8.7. This potential combination of drinking water and waste disposal presents an extreme risk to the people serviced by the dug well. Sampling is not the answer; the water source should be changed under the supervision of qualified environmental health professionals.
How deep is a well?
Drinking water wells may be shallow (50 feet or less) or deep (more than 1,000 feet).
How is groundwater pumped?
Groundwater is pumped from wells drilled into aquifers. Aquifers are geologic formations where water pools, often deep in the ground. Some aquifers are actually higher than the surrounding ground surface, which can result in flowing springs or artesian wells. Artesian wells are often drilled; once the aquifer is penetrated, the water flows onto the surface of the ground because of the hydrologic pressure from the aquifer.
Why do aquifers flow?
Artesian wells are often drilled; once the aquifer is penetrated, the water flows onto the surface of the ground because of the hydrologic pressure from the aquifer.
Where should a well be located?
Also, a well should be located in such a way that it is accessible for maintenance, inspection, and pump or pipe replacement when necessary. Driven wells ( Figure 8.2) are typically installed in sand or soil and do not penetrate base rock. They are, as a result, hammered into the ground and are quite shallow, resulting in frequent contamination by both chemical and bacterial sources.
Requirements of The Good Water Distribution System
Methods of Water Distribution System
- For efficient distribution, it is required that water should reach every consumer at the required rate of flow. Therefore, the same pressure in the pipelines is necessary which should force the water to reach every place. The distribution systems can be classified as follows:
Types of Distribution Network in Water Distribution System
- In general, there are 4 types of distribution network systems. They are: a. Dead End or Tree system b. Gridiron System c. Circular or Ring System d. Radial System