Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) still a worldwide health care challenge?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a worldwide health care challenge despite the relatively recent evolution of effective antituberculous medications and combination drug therapy. In many parts of the world, the continued high prevalence of MTB disease is caused in part by the lack of availabi …
Why can a TB diagnosis be rapidly confirmed?
A TB diagnosis can be rapidly confirmed because the organism that causes this disease grows quickly. The most common causative agent of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. true or false true A positive tuberculosis skin test indicates that the patient has active tuberculosis. true or false false
What is the standard of care for tuberculosis (TB) disease?
The standard of care for initiating treatment of TB disease is four-drug therapy. Treatment with a single drug can lead to the development of a bacterial population resistant to that drug. Likewise, the addition of a single drug to a failing anti-TB regimen can lead to additional resistance.
Why are two or more drugs given together in tuberculosis (TB)?
When two or more drugs to which in vitro susceptibility has been demonstrated are given together, each helps prevent the emergence of tubercle bacilli resistant to the others. The standard of care for initiating treatment of TB disease is four-drug therapy. Treatment with a single drug can lead to the
Which of the following is correct for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person via droplets from the throat and lungs of people with the active respiratory disease.
How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis treated?
The most common treatment for active TB is isoniazid INH in combination with three other drugs—rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. You may begin to feel better only a few weeks after starting to take the drugs but treating TB takes much longer than other bacterial infections.
Which of the following method is used for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques are now widely used for early detection and species differentiation of mycobacteria, but mostly with their own limitations.
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about tuberculosis?
Answer. Explanation: It is not caused by salmonella.
How can you prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
The BCG vaccination It is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide, yet we still see around 9 million new cases of TB annually – a testament to the BCG's limited effectiveness. The BCG is: 80% effective in preventing TB for 15 years. more effective against complex forms of TB in children.
What is the best treatment for latent TB?
Isoniazid and Rifapentine (INH-RPT) are medicines used together to treat LTBI. They kill the sleeping TB germs before they make you sick. It can take many months for the medicine to kill the TB germs because they are strong.
What is method of Mycobacterium tuberculosis describe in brief?
The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.
What is PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A PCR test based on insertion sequence IS1081 was developed to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms in the peripheral blood. The method was applied to blood samples from immunocompetent individuals with localized pulmonary tuberculosis.
Which of there is the culture medium for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Löwenstein–Jensen medium, more commonly known as LJ medium, is a growth medium specially used for culture of Mycobacterium species, notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
How do you know if TB treatment is working?
After taking TB medicine for several weeks, a doctor will be able to tell TB patients when they are no longer able to spread TB germs to others. Most people with TB disease will need to take TB medicine for at least 6 months to be cured.
What happens after TB is cured?
After taking antibiotics for 2 weeks, most people are no longer infectious and feel better. However, it's important to continue taking your medicine exactly as prescribed and to complete the whole course of antibiotics. Taking medication for 6 months is the best way to ensure the TB bacteria are killed.
Will you test positive for TB after treatment?
Yes, this is true. Even after you finish taking all of your TB medicine, your TB skin test or TB blood test will still be positive. Ask your healthcare provider to give you a written record that says your test was positive and that you finished treatment.
How many people in the world have TB?
Nearly 1/3 of the world's population shows symptoms of tuberculosis. Nearly 1/3 of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis. At least 1/3 of those who are TB-positive are also HIV-positive. Nearly 1/3 of the world's population shows symptoms of tuberculosis.
What are the outcomes of Tamiflu?
Predict which of the following would be outcomes of treatment with Tamiflu. an increase in the ability of the immune system to combat the infection. overall decrease in the replication rate of influenza. a decrease in the release of viral particles from the cell.
What happens to the virus resulting from antigenic shift?
Antigenic shift results in a major change in the genetic composition of the virus. Little immunity to virus strains resulting from antigenic shift exists in the population.
Is the bronchial tube sterile?
The ciliary escalator in the bronchial tubes keeps the lower respiratory tract nearly sterile. The trachea normally may contain a few bacteria. Potentially pathogenic microorganisms are present in nonsterile portions of the respiratory tract but usually do not cause disease. The upper respiratory tract is mostly sterile.
Can microbes be treated with antimicrobials?
The infection caused by the microbes cannot be easily be treated with available antimicrobials. The microbe can easily infect a human. It is disseminated by aerosol. Correctly identify the mode of transmission with each of the listed microbes that have been used as biological weapons.
Is P. jirovecii a fungus?
P. jirovecii has characteristics of both fungi and protozoa but is now commonly classified as a fungus. P. jirovecii is readily treated with penicillin. Cysts are found in the lining of the alveoli. Infection usually causes few or no symptoms if the individual is healthy.
Which antimicrobial drug acts by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis?
Each of the following statements concerning the mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs is correct EXCEPT: (A) Vancomycin acts by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. (B) Quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, act by inhibiting the DNA gyrase of bacteria.
Is Actinomyces israelii an anaerobic rod?
Each of the following statements concerning Actinomyces and Nocardia is correct EXCEPT: (A) A. israelii is an anaerobic rod found as part of the normal flora in the mouth. (B) Both Actinomyces and Nocardia are branching, filamentous rods. (C) N. asteroides causes infections primarily in immunocompromised patients.
Is HSV-2 a primary infection?
Each of the following statements concerning herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is correct EXCEPT: (A) Primary infection with HSV-2 does not confer immunity to primary infection with HSV-1. (B) HSV-2 causes vesicular lesions, typically in the genital area.
Is Histoplasma capsulatum a mold?
Each of the following statements concerning Histoplasma capsulatum is correct EXCEPT: (A) The natural habitat of H. capsulatum is the soil, where it grows as a mold. (B) H. capsulatum is transmitted by airborne conidia, and its initial site of infection is the lung.
What is MTB treatment?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a worldwide health care challenge despite the relatively recent evolution of effective antituberculous medications and combination drug therapy.
Is MTB a global health problem?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a worldwide health care challenge despite the relatively recent evolution of effective antituberculous medications and combination drug therapy. In many parts of the world, the continued high prevalence of MTB disease is caused in part by the lack of availabi ….
How to educate patients about TB?
Educating patients about TB disease helps ensure their successful completion of therapy. Health-care providers must take the time to explain clearly to patients what medication should be taken, how much, how often, and when. Patients should be clearly informed about possible adverse reactions to the medications they are taking and when to seek necessary medical attention. Providing patients with the knowledge they need regarding the consequences of not taking their medicine correctly is very important. In addition, patients should be educated about infection control measures and potential need for isolation (Table 6.1). HIV testing and counseling is recommended for all patients with TB disease in all health-care settings. The patient must first be notified that testing will be performed. The patient has the right to decline HIV testing and counseling (opt-out screening).
How long is the TB continuation phase?
The continuation phase of treatment is given for either 4 or 7 months. The 4-month continuation phase should be used in patients with uncomplicated, noncavitary, drug-susceptible TB, if there is documented sputum conversion within the first 2 months. The 7-month continuation phase is recommended only for
How long does it take to treat TB?
As a general rule, the principles used for the treatment of pulmonary TB disease also apply to extrapulmonary forms of the disease. A 6-month treatment regimen is recommended for patients with extrapulmonary TB disease, unless the organisms are known or strongly suspected to be resistant to the first-line drugs. If PZA cannot be used in the initial phase, the continuation phase must be increased to 7 months. The exception to these recommendations is central nervous system TB, for which the optimal length of therapy has not been established but some experts recommend 9 to 12 months. Most experts do recommend corticosteroids to be used as additional therapy for patients with TB meningitis and pericarditis. Consultation with a TB expert is recommended.
What are the four drugs that are included in the initial treatment regimen?
Four drugs— INH, RIF, PZA, and EMB — should be included in the initial treatment regimen until the results of drug-susceptibility tests are available. Each of the drugs in the initial regimen plays an important role. INH and RIF allow for short-course regimens with high cure rates. PZA has potent sterilizing activity, which allows further shortening of the regimen from 9 to 6 months. EMB helps to prevent the emergence of RIF resistance when primary INH resistance is present. If drug-susceptibility test results are known and the organisms are fully susceptible, EMB need not be included. For children whose clarity or sharpness of vision cannot be monitored, EMB is usually not recommended except when the risk of drug resistance is high or for children who have “adult-type” (upper lobe infiltration, cavity formation) TB disease.
What is the recommended treatment regimen based on?
The recommended treatment regimens are based, in large part, on evidence from clinical trials and are rated on the basis of a system developed by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) (Table 6.3).
What are the drugs that treat TB?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of TB disease (Table 6.2). In addition, the fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin), although not approved by the FDA for TB disease, are commonly used to treat TB disease caused by drug-resistant organisms or for patients who are intolerant of some first-line drugs. Rifabutin, approved for use in preventing Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with HIV infection but not approved for TB disease, is useful for treating TB disease in patients concurrently taking drugs that interact with rifampin (e.g., certain antiretroviral drugs). Amikacin and kanamycin, nearly identical aminoglycoside drugs used in treating patients with TB disease caused by drug-resistant organisms, are not approved by the FDA for treatment of TB.
How long does it take to develop a TB control plan?
For each patient with newly diagnosed TB disease, a specific treatment and monitoring plan should be developed in collaboration with the local TB control program within 1 week of the presumptive diagnosis. This plan should include: