What are the different types of agonists?
There are several types of agonists, which include endogenous, exogenous, physiological, superagonists, full, partial, inverse, irreversible, selective, and co-agonists. Each type of agonist exhibits different characteristics and mediates distinct biological activity.
What are some examples of substance abuse?
Substance abuse can be seen from either a biological or a psychosocial perspective. For example, the condemnation of drug abuse as an official sin by the Catholic Church is an example of _________________.
What does agonist mean in biology?
Agonist Definition. An agonist is a molecule that can bind and activate a receptor to induce a biological reaction. The activity mediated by agonists are opposed by antagonists, which inhibit the biological response induced by an agonist. The level of agonist required to induce a desired biological response is referred to as potency.
Which word is most closely associated with substance use?
In terms of substance-related disorders, the word addiction is most closely associated with a. substance use. b. intoxication. c. substance dependence. a. tolerance to the effects of the drug. b. withdrawal symptoms if the drug is withdrawn. d.
What is substance abuse?
The American Psychiatric Association defines substance abuse in terms of: A. how drunk or intoxicated a person gets after ingesting a psychoactive substance. B. whether or not the substance interferes with the person's life. C. the type and intensity of the substance abuser's biological reaction.
What factors determine a drinker's susceptibility to alcoholism?
Although alcohol use and aggression are positively correlated, the factors that actually determine aggressive behavior involve all of the following EXCEPT: A. quantity and timing of alcohol consumed.
What are the effects of amphetamines on the nervous system?
B. Amphetamines cause an increase in appetite and a decrease in fatigue. C. Amphetamines decrease the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in the nervous system.
What is the name of the vitamin that causes confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech?
A. dementia - loss of intellectual abilities caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine. B. Wernicke's disease - confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine.
What are the symptoms of inhalant use?
A. Inhalant use is most commonly observed among college students. B. Symptoms of inhalant use include slurred speech, dizziness, and euphoria. C. Long-term inhalant use can damage bone marrow, the kidneys, the liver, and the brain. D. Use of inhalants can cause users to be antisocial and aggressive.
What is the condition called when you lose muscle coordination?
C. Ketamine (Special K or Cat Valium) A condition called Korsakoff syndrome is sometime seen in those who suffer from chronic alcoholism, and involves confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech.
Was Helena a good person when she first started using cocaine?
antisocial. When she first started using cocaine, Helena really enjoyed the positive feelings that she got from the highs. After some time of using, however, she found that the "lows" that she experienced when she came off of the drug were too unpleasant to bear, and thus she was now using just to avoid experiencing those unpleasant feelings.
Does alcohol increase aggression?
Laboratory studies found that alcohol consumption increases aggression, but whether or not those effects are seen outside of a laboratory involves many different factors. b. Many people who commit violent acts - rape, assault, and murder, for example - are intoxicated when their crime occurs.
What are the symptoms of inhalant use?
a. inhalant use is most commonly observed among college students. b. symptoms of inhalant use include slurred speech, dizziness, and euphoria. c. long-term inhalant use can damage bone marrow, the kidneys, the liver, and the brain.
Does alcohol cause aggressive behavior?
From your knowledge of abnormal psychology, you are aware that. although alcohol does not cause aggressive behavior, it may. a. stimulate the inhibitory center of the brain, causing aggressive behavior. b. activate the aggressive genes in the person's DNA.
What is an agonist?
Agonist Definition. An agonist is a molecule that can bind and activate a receptor to induce a biological reaction. The activity mediated by agonists are opposed by antagonists, which inhibit the biological response induced by an agonist. The level of agonist required to induce a desired biological response is referred to as potency.
What is the level of agonist required to induce a desired biological response?
The level of agonist required to induce a desired biological response is referred to as potency. Agonist potency is derived by measuring the concentration of agonist required to induce half of the maximum response, called the EC 50 value. Therefore, agonists with greater potency will have smaller EC 50 values.
What are some examples of endogenous agonists?
Some examples of endogenous agonists include hormones and neurotransmitters, which bind to defined receptors and induce a desired response. In contrast, exogenous agonists are external factors which bind to various receptors and induce a biological response. An example of an exogenous agonist is a drug, such as synthetic dopamine, ...
What is the difference between a partial agonist and a full agonist?
In contrast, partial agonists also bind to the cognate receptor; however , they only induce a partial response. Partial agonists are useful for the treatment and avoidance of drug dependencies, as they induce a similar effect, albeit less potent and addictive. An example is the use of buprenorphine as an alternative for opiates (e.g., morphine) as it only partially engages the opioid receptor, thus reducing the likelihood of opiate addiction.
What is an inverse agonist?
Inverse Agonists. An inverse agonist binds to the same receptor as an agonist; however, it exerts the opposite biological response of an agonist. An inverse agonist differs from an antagonist in that rather than simply inhibiting the response of the agonist, the opposing response is induced.
Do agonists have smaller EC 50?
Therefore, agonists with greater potency will have smaller EC 50 values. Agonist potency is often calculated in the pharmaceutical industry, as the dosage for drugs that act as agonists is dependent on the EC 50. The diagram below demonstrates the difference between naturally occurring agonists, the potency of drug agonists, ...